FS-2022-38, October 2022 Most people take up hobbies for personal enjoyment, not to make a profit. Sometimes, however, the line between hobbies and businesses isn't clear cut. There are several different factors people should consider when making the determination and the IRS provides resources to help. The following information is available on IRS.gov to help a taxpayer determine if their hobby qualifies as a business: Business activities People should know if their pastime is a hobby or a business Earning side income: Is it a hobby or a business? Key questions to consider Is the activity conducted like a business? Does the taxpayer maintain complete and accurate books and records? Does the taxpayer do the activity in the same way as similar profitable activities? Does the taxpayer change their methods of operation to improve profitability? Does the taxpayer advertise or promote the activity? Does the taxpayer work to secure suppliers or products necessary for the activity? What is the taxpayer or their advisors' expertise in the activity? Has the taxpayer, or their advisors, prepared for the activity by extensive study of its accepted business, economic, and scientific practices? Does the taxpayer follow the accepted business practices or advice of experts when they pursue the activity? Is the activity a main source of income for the taxpayer? Does the taxpayer spend much of their personal time and effort on the activity, particularly if the activity does not have personal or recreational aspects? Has the taxpayer pursued the activity full-time or part-time? Does the taxpayer employ competent and qualified persons to perform the activity? Has the taxpayer made or expect to make a profit? Has the taxpayer engaged in similar activities in the past and converted them from unprofitable to profitable enterprises? Does the taxpayer intend to profit from appreciation in the value of assets, such as land, used in the activity? Is the activity profitable in some years? Does the taxpayer occasionally have a small profit from the activities that is offset by large investments they have made or suffering large losses? Has the taxpayer made substantial profit from the activity? Could the activity earn a substantial ultimate profit in a highly speculative venture? Do any losses from the activity fall beyond the taxpayer's control or are they normal in the startup phase of their type of business? Do the taxpayer's losses continue beyond the period which would be necessary to bring their activity into profitable status? Are the taxpayer's losses because of things beyond their control, like drought, disease, fire, theft, weather damages or depressed market conditions? Has the taxpayer had a series of years in which they made a profit? Does the activity have elements of personal pleasure or recreation? Does the taxpayer have personal motives for doing an activity, especially where there are recreational or personal elements involved? Does the activity lack appeal other than profit? Claiming profits and losses If taxpayers aren't trying to make a profit with their hobby, business or investment activity, they can't use a loss from the activity to offset other income. The limit on not-for-profit losses applies to individuals, partnerships, estates, trusts and S corporations. It doesn't apply to corporations other than S corporations. If a taxpayer receives income from an activity that is carried on with no intention of making a profit, they must report the income they receive on Schedule 1 (Form 1040) PDF, line 8. More information: IRS Small Business Self-Employed Tax Center YouTube video Income & expenses Gig economy tax center IRS Video Portal Publication 17, Your Federal Income Tax Publication 525, Taxable and Nontaxable Income Publication 535, Business Expenses Publication 334, Tax Guide for Small Business (For Individuals Who Use Schedule C)
