(a) * * *

(2) Special rule where accumulated amount does not exceed $500. The provisions of paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall not apply with respect to any period described therein if the amount of the tax imposed by section 3301 for such period (as computed under section 6157) plus amounts not deposited for prior periods does not exceed $500 ($100 in the case of periods ending on or before December 31, 2004). Thus, an employer shall not be required to make a deposit for a period unless his tax for such period plus tax not deposited for prior periods exceeds $500.

(3) Requirement for deposit in lieu of payment with return. If the amount of tax reportable on a return on Form 940 exceeds by more than $500 ($100 in the case of calendar years before 2005) the sum of the amounts deposited by the employer pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) of this section for such calendar year, the employer shall, on or before the last day of the first calendar month following the calendar year for which the return is required to be filed, deposit the balance of the tax due with an authorized financial institution.

* * * * *

Mark E. Matthews,
Deputy Commissioner for
Services and Enforcement.

Approved November 23, 2004.

Gregory Jenner,
Acting Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.

The definition of a predecessor of Distributing in these proposed regulations is intended to reflect the fact that section 355(e) generally denies tax-free treatment under sections 355(c)(1) and 361(c)(1) if there is a division of a corporation’s assets to which section 355(a) applies that is coupled with planned acquisitions of stock representing in the aggregate a 50-percent or greater interest in Distributing or Controlled. The proposed regulations generally provide that a predecessor of Distributing includes a corporation that, before the distribution, transfers property to Distributing in a transaction to which section 381 applies if Distributing transfers some (but not all) of the acquired property to Controlled (or a predecessor of Controlled, as described below) and the basis of such property immediately after the transfer to Controlled (or a predecessor of Controlled) is determined in whole or in part by reference to the basis of the property in the hands of Distributing immediately before the transfer. For example, if before the distribution P merges into D in a statutory merger under section 368(a)(1)(A) and D transfers some but not all of the acquired P assets to C in exchange for C stock in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(D), then P is a predecessor of D.

The proposed regulations also provide that a predecessor of Distributing includes a corporation that, before the distribution, transfers property to Distributing in a transaction to which section 381 applies if some but not all of the property transferred to Distributing includes Controlled stock and, after the combining transaction, Distributing transfers less than all of the property acquired (other than the Controlled stock) to Controlled. In such cases, the distribution of Controlled stock, even without a pre-distribution transfer of acquired assets to Controlled, effects a division of the predecessor’s assets.

The definition of a predecessor of Distributing may result in a corporation being treated as a predecessor of Distributing even if the distribution and the combination of the predecessor and Distributing are not part of a plan. Once a predecessor of Distributing is identified, it must be determined whether the distribution and any acquisitions (deemed or actual) of stock of the predecessor are part of a plan.

In the course of developing these regulations, the IRS and Treasury Department considered to what extent a corporation’s transfer of property to Controlled in a transaction to which section 381 applies implicates the policies underlying section 355(e). Generally, Controlled will not be able to transfer property that it receives in such a transaction to Distributing tax-free. One exception is where Controlled itself distributes the stock of another corporation in a distribution to which section 355 applies. In these cases, however, Controlled will functionally be a distributing corporation, and the transferor of property to Controlled may be a predecessor of the distributing corporation. Therefore, as a general matter, it appears that property transferred to Controlled cannot be divided tax-free between Distributing and Controlled in the same way that property transferred to Distributing can be divided tax-free. Accordingly, the policy underlying the definition of a predecessor of Distributing does not appear to necessitate a definition of a predecessor of Controlled.

Nonetheless, solely for purposes of determining whether a corporation is a predecessor of Distributing, calculating certain limitations on gain recognition described below, and applying a special affiliated group rule described below, these proposed regulations define a predecessor of Controlled as a corporation that before the distribution transfers property to Controlled in a transaction to which section 381 applies. Under these proposed regulations, for no other purpose can a corporation be a predecessor of Controlled. Thus, acquisitions of stock that are part of a plan that includes the distribution and that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in a predecessor of Controlled will not cause Distributing to recognize gain. However, the IRS and Treasury Department continue to study whether there may be other situations in which a corporation should be treated as a predecessor of Controlled.

The definition of a predecessor of Controlled ensures that a corporation is treated as a predecessor of Distributing in the following situation and similar ones. Suppose Distributing acquires all the assets of X (including all the outstanding stock of Y) in a transaction to which section 381 applies. After the acquisition, Distributing causes Y to merge into Controlled, a wholly owned subsidiary of Distributing, in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(D). Distributing then distributes the stock of Controlled to its shareholders pro rata in a distribution to which section 355(a) applies. In this case, there is a separation of the X assets in a distribution to which section 355(a) applies. Under the definition of a predecessor of Controlled described above, Y will be treated as a predecessor of Controlled, and because Distributing acquires in a transaction to which section 381 applies stock of a predecessor of Controlled from X, X will be treated as a predecessor of Distributing.

Under the proposed regulations, more than one corporation may be a predecessor of Distributing or Controlled. For example, if more than one corporation transfers property to Distributing in transactions to which section 381 applies, each of the transferring corporations may be a predecessor of Distributing. However, a corporation that transfers its assets in a transaction to which section 381 applies to a predecessor of Distributing is not also treated as a predecessor of Distributing. The IRS and Treasury Department recognize that such transfers of assets to a predecessor of Distributing could be part of the plan that includes the distribution, but are concerned that treating such transferring corporations as predecessors of Distributing would add substantial complexity. Nonetheless, the IRS and Treasury Department continue to consider whether such corporations should be treated as a predecessor of Distributing.

The definition of a successor of Distributing or Controlled proposed in these regulations is intended to identify corporations that are properly viewed as a continuation of Distributing or Controlled for purposes of section 355(e). Therefore, the proposed regulations define a successor of Distributing as any corporation to which Distributing transfers property after the distribution in a transaction to which section 381 applies and a successor of Controlled as any corporation to which Controlled transfers property after the distribution in a transaction to which section 381 applies. More than one corporation may be a successor of Distributing or Controlled. For example, if after a distribution Distributing transfers property to another corporation (X) in a transaction to which section 381 applies, and X transfers property to another corporation (Y) in a transaction to which section 381 applies, then each of X and Y may be a successor of Distributing. In this case, the determination of whether Y is a successor of Distributing is made after the determination of whether X is a successor of Distributing.

Whether there have been acquisitions of stock that are part of a plan that includes a distribution that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in a predecessor of Distributing is counted separately from whether there have been acquisitions of stock that are part of a plan that includes a distribution that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in Distributing. Therefore, Distributing may be required to recognize gain by reason of section 355(e) with respect to a predecessor of Distributing, but not Distributing, and vice versa.

Because a predecessor of Distributing may no longer exist after it combines with Distributing, special rules are necessary to determine whether there has been an acquisition of the predecessor in connection with and after the combination transaction. These proposed regulations provide that each person that owned an interest in Distributing immediately before the transaction in which the predecessor of Distributing transfers its property to Distributing is treated as acquiring stock in the predecessor of Distributing in the combination transaction. For example, suppose D acquires the assets of a predecessor in a statutory merger under section 368(a)(1)(A) and A, an individual, owned stock of D immediately before the merger. A would be treated as acquiring stock of the predecessor.

In addition, an acquisition of Distributing (or a successor of Distributing) that occurs after Distributing’s combination with a predecessor will count not only as an acquisition of Distributing, but also as an acquisition of the predecessor. The stock of Distributing (or a successor of Distributing) is treated as the stock of all predecessors of Distributing. Therefore, if D acquires the assets of a predecessor in a statutory merger under section 368(a)(1)(A) and, after the merger, A, an individual, acquires 5 percent of the stock of D, A is treated as acquiring not only stock of D, but also stock of the predecessor of D.

The proposed regulations provide similar rules for determining whether there has been an acquisition of stock of Distributing or Controlled if there is an acquisition of stock of a successor of Distributing or Controlled. Therefore, acquisitions of a successor of Distributing or Controlled and acquisitions of Distributing or Controlled (before or after the distribution) pursuant to a plan are combined to determine whether there have been acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in Distributing or Controlled that cause section 355(e) to apply.

Generally, if a distribution and acquisitions that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in a predecessor of Distributing or Distributing are part of a plan, section 355(e) requires Distributing to recognize the full amount of the gain inherent in the Controlled stock on the date of the distribution under section 355(c)(2) or section 361(c)(2), as applicable. However, if a distribution and acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in a predecessor of Distributing are part of a plan but there are not acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in Distributing that are part of that plan, and if the gain inherent in the assets of the predecessor of Distributing that are contributed to Controlled is small relative to the gain inherent in the Controlled stock on the date of the distribution, it may seem inappropriate to require that Distributing recognize the full amount of gain inherent in the Controlled stock. Similarly, if a distribution and acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in Distributing are part of a plan but there are not acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in the predecessor of Distributing that are part of a plan, and if the excess of the gain inherent in the Controlled stock on the date of the distribution over the gain attributable to the assets of the predecessor is small relative to the full amount of gain inherent in the Controlled stock, it may seem inappropriate to require that Distributing recognize the full amount of gain inherent in the Controlled stock. Therefore, the proposed regulations provide two rules limiting the amount of gain that Distributing must recognize in these cases.

The first rule provides that if a distribution and acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in a predecessor of Distributing are part of a plan, then the amount of gain that Distributing recognizes by reason of such acquisitions will not exceed the amount of gain, if any, that the predecessor of Distributing would have recognized if, immediately before the distribution, the predecessor had transferred the property that was transferred to Controlled and the stock of Controlled that it transferred to Distributing to a newly formed, wholly owned corporation solely for stock of such corporation in an exchange to which section 351 applied (even if section 351 would not have actually applied) and then sold the stock of that corporation to an unrelated person in exchange for cash equal to its fair market value.

The second rule applies if a distribution and acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in Distributing are part of a plan and the acquisitions occur in the section 381 transaction in which a predecessor of Distributing transfers its assets to Distributing. In these cases, the proposed regulations effectively provide that the amount of gain that Distributing recognizes will not exceed the amount of gain that Distributing would have recognized had it not transferred assets of the predecessor to Controlled and had it not acquired any Controlled stock from the predecessor. In particular, the amount of gain that Distributing recognizes will not exceed the excess, if any, of the amount described in section 355(c)(2) or section 361(c)(2), as applicable, over the amount of gain, if any, that Distributing would have been required to recognize if there had been acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in the predecessor of Distributing (but not Distributing) involved in the combining transfer that were part of a plan that includes the distribution, taking into account the limitation in the first rule. For example, assume that X, a corporation, merges into Distributing in a statutory merger that qualifies as a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(A). In the merger, Distributing issues 75 percent of its stock to the former shareholders of X. Distributing then forms Controlled solely with assets acquired from X in the merger and distributes the stock of Controlled pro rata to its shareholders. At the time of the distribution, the basis of the Controlled stock is $30 and the fair market value of that stock is $70. Assume that the distribution and the former X shareholders’ acquisition of stock of Distributing are part of a plan. Furthermore, assume that, other than the deemed acquisition of stock of X by the pre-merger shareholders of Distributing, there are no other acquisitions of the stock of X that are part of a plan that includes the distribution. By reason of the second limitation, Distributing’s gain recognized under section 361(c)(2) would be zero because all of the gain inherent in the Controlled stock at the time of the distribution is attributable to assets acquired from X in the merger.

In order to ensure that in appropriate cases these limitations do not ultimately prevent recognition of gain in the full amount described in section 355(c)(2) or 361(c)(2), as applicable, these proposed regulations provide that if there are acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in more than one corporation (for example, two predecessors of Distributing) that are pursuant to a plan that includes the distribution, Distributing must recognize gain in the amount described in section 355(c)(2) or 361(c)(2), as applicable, subject to the limitations described above, with respect to each such corporation. However, because this rule could cause Distributing to recognize a total amount of gain in excess of that amount described in section 355(c)(2) or 361(c)(2), as applicable, these regulations include an overall limitation on gain recognition. That rule provides that the sum of the amounts required to be recognized by Distributing under section 355(e) and the regulations promulgated thereunder will not exceed the amount described in section 355(c)(2) or section 361(c)(2), as applicable.

As described above, the rule for determining whether a corporation is a predecessor of Distributing references the assets of the predecessor at the time it combines with Distributing while the rule for calculating the limitation on gain recognition references the basis and value of the predecessor’s assets at the time of the distribution. The IRS and Treasury Department believe that determining whether a corporation is a predecessor of Distributing by reference to its assets at the time it combines with Distributing (and not later) is appropriate because, in that transaction, the predecessor will likely cease to exist. However, the division of the predecessor’s assets does not occur until the distribution. In addition, the gain required to be recognized by reason of section 355(e) is measured as of the date of the distribution. Therefore, the IRS and Treasury Department believe that it is appropriate to measure the basis and value of the predecessor’s assets on the date of the distribution for purposes of determining the amount of gain required to be recognized when there have been acquisitions of a 50-percent or greater interest in the predecessor that are part of a plan that includes the distribution.

The proposed regulations include a special rule that relates to the application of section 355(e)(2)(C). Section 355(e)(2)(C) provides that a plan (or series of related transactions) will not result in stock or securities in the controlled corporation not being treated as qualified property for purposes of section 355(c)(2) or section 361(c)(2) if, immediately after the completion of such plan or transactions, the distributing corporation and all controlled corporations are members of a single affiliated group (as defined in section 1504 without regard to subsection (b) thereof). These proposed regulations provide that, for purposes of section 355(e)(2)(C), a predecessor of Distributing or Controlled is treated as continuing in existence following its transfer of property to Distributing or Controlled, and Distributing or Controlled is treated as continuing in existence following a transfer of property to a successor.

The IRS and Treasury Department are concerned that certain transfers of assets to a partnership or a corporation by Distributing or Controlled may facilitate an acquisition of an interest in Distributing’s or Controlled’s assets that is functionally equivalent to an acquisition of Distributing or Controlled. The IRS and Treasury Department are also concerned that certain acquisitions by persons unrelated to Distributing or Controlled of an interest in a corporation or partnership in which Distributing or Controlled directly or indirectly owns an interest may also be an acquisition that is functionally equivalent to an acquisition of Distributing or Controlled. If such transfers and acquisitions are part of a plan that includes the distribution, they could be used to circumvent the purposes of section 355(e). Accordingly, the IRS and Treasury Department are studying how section 355(e) might apply to such transfers and acquisitions. Comments are requested in this regard.

(a) References to a distributing or controlled corporation. For purposes of section 355(e) and the regulations promulgated thereunder, except as otherwise provided, any reference to a distributing corporation (Distributing) or a controlled corporation (Controlled) shall include a reference to any predecessor or successor of such corporation, as such terms are defined in this section.

(b) Definition of predecessor—(1) Predecessor of a distributing corporation. A predecessor of Distributing is a corporation (the first corporation) that before the distribution transfers property to Distributing in a transaction to which section 381 applies (the combining transfer), but only if either—

(i) Distributing transfers some but not all of the property acquired from the first corporation to Controlled (the separating transfer) and the basis of such property immediately after the separating transfer is determined in whole or in part by reference to the basis of the property in the hands of Distributing immediately before the separating transfer; or

(ii) In the combining transfer, some but not all of the property transferred to Distributing includes Controlled stock and, after the combining transfer, Distributing does not transfer all of the property acquired from the first corporation (other than the Controlled stock) to Controlled.

(2) Predecessor of a controlled corporation. Solely for purposes of paragraphs (b)(1), (e)(2), and (f) of this section, a corporation is a predecessor of Controlled if, before the distribution, it transfers property to Controlled in a transaction to which section 381 applies. Other than for the purposes described in the preceding sentence, no corporation can be a predecessor of Controlled.

(3) References to a distributing or controlled corporation. For purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, a reference to Distributing shall not include a reference to a predecessor of Distributing. Therefore, a corporation that transfers property to a predecessor of Distributing in a transaction to which section 381 applies is not also a predecessor of Distributing. For purposes of paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a reference to Controlled shall not include a reference to a predecessor of Controlled. Therefore, a corporation that transfers property to a predecessor of Controlled in a transaction to which section 381 applies is not also a predecessor of Controlled.

(4) Determination of predecessor status—(i) Substitute assets. For purposes of determining whether a corporation is a predecessor of Distributing, if after the combining transfer Distributing transfers any property it received in the combining transfer in a transaction in which gain or loss is not recognized in whole, the property received by Distributing in exchange for such property shall be treated as transferred to Distributing in the combining transfer.

(ii) Reorganizations under section 368(a)(1)(F). For purposes of determining whether a corporation is a predecessor of Distributing or Controlled, if a corporation engages in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(F), then the resulting corporation shall be treated as the same corporation that engaged in the reorganization. Therefore, if a corporation (X) transfers property to another corporation (Y) in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(A), and then Y transfers property to Distributing in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(F), Y and Distributing will be treated as the same corporation and X may be a predecessor of Distributing.

(iii) Multiple predecessors. More than one corporation may be a predecessor of Distributing or Controlled. Therefore, if more than one corporation transfers property to Distributing or Controlled in transactions to which section 381 applies, each of the transferring corporations may be a predecessor of Distributing or Controlled, respectively.

(c) Definition of successor—(1) In general. A successor of Distributing or Controlled, respectively, is a corporation to which Distributing or Controlled transfers property after the distribution in a transaction to which section 381 applies (a successor transaction).

(2) Determination of successor status. More than one corporation may be a successor of Distributing or Controlled. Therefore, if Distributing transfers property to another corporation (X) in a transaction to which section 381 applies, and X transfers property to another corporation (Y) in a transaction to which section 381 applies, then each of X and Y may be a successor of Distributing. In this case, the determination of whether Y is a successor of Distributing is made after the determination of whether X is a successor of Distributing.

(d) Special acquisition rules—(1) Deemed acquisitions of a predecessor of a distributing corporation. If there is a predecessor of Distributing, the following rules shall apply.

(i) Each person that owned an interest in Distributing immediately before the combining transfer involving the predecessor of Distributing shall be treated as acquiring in the combining transfer stock representing an interest in the predecessor of Distributing.

(ii) If stock of Distributing is acquired after the combining transfer involving the predecessor of Distributing, the stock of Distributing shall be treated as the stock of the predecessor of Distributing. Therefore, an acquisition of the stock of Distributing that occurs after the combining transfer shall be treated as not only an acquisition of the stock of Distributing, but also an acquisition of the stock of the predecessor of Distributing.

(2) Deemed acquisitions of a distributing corporation. If there is a successor of Distributing, the following rules shall apply.

(i) Each person that owned an interest in the successor of Distributing immediately before the successor transaction involving the successor of Distributing shall be treated as acquiring in the successor transaction stock representing an interest in Distributing.

(ii) If stock of the successor of Distributing is acquired after the successor transaction, the stock of the successor of Distributing shall be treated as stock of Distributing. Therefore, acquisitions of the stock of a successor of Distributing that occur after the successor transaction shall be treated as acquisitions of the stock of Distributing.

(3) Deemed acquisitions of a controlled corporation. If there is a successor of Controlled, the following rules shall apply.

(i) Each person that owned an interest in the successor of Controlled immediately before the successor transaction involving the successor of Controlled shall be treated as acquiring in the successor transaction stock representing an interest in Controlled.

(ii) If stock of the successor of Controlled is acquired after the successor transaction, the stock of the successor of Controlled shall be treated as stock of Controlled. Therefore, acquisitions of the stock of a successor of Controlled that occur after the successor transaction shall be treated as acquisitions of stock of Controlled.

(4) Separate counting for distributing corporations and their predecessors. The measurement of whether one or more persons have acquired stock that in the aggregate represents a 50-percent or greater interest in either a predecessor of Distributing or Distributing that is part of the plan that includes the distribution shall be made separately. Therefore, there may be acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in a predecessor of Distributing that are part of a plan that includes a distribution where there are not acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in Distributing that are part of a plan that includes a distribution. In addition, there may be acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in Distributing that are part of a plan that includes a distribution where there are not acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in a predecessor of Distributing that are part of a plan that includes a distribution.

(e) Special rules for gain recognition—(1) In general. If there are acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in more than one corporation (for example, two predecessors of Distributing) that are pursuant to a plan that includes the distribution, Distributing must recognize gain in the amount described in section 355(c)(2) or 361(c)(2), as applicable, with respect to each such corporation, subject to the limitations in paragraphs (e)(2) and (3) of this section if applicable. The limitations in paragraphs (e)(2) and (3) of this section are applied separately to each such corporation to determine the amount of gain required to be recognized. Paragraph (e)(4) of this section sets forth an overall limitation that is computed taking into account all of the gain recognized by Distributing by reason of section 355(e).

(2) Acquisition of a predecessor of a distributing corporation—(i) In general. If a distribution and acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in a predecessor of Distributing are part of a plan, the amount of gain recognized by Distributing by reason of section 355(e) as a result of the acquisitions shall not exceed the amount of gain, if any, that the predecessor of Distributing would have recognized if, immediately before the distribution, the predecessor of Distributing had transferred the property that was transferred to Controlled in the separating transfer and stock of Controlled that the predecessor of Distributing transferred to Distributing in the combining transfer to a newly formed, wholly owned corporation in exchange solely for stock of such corporation in an exchange to which section 351 applied and then sold the stock of that corporation to an unrelated person in exchange for cash equal to its fair market value.

(ii) Operating rules. For purposes of applying paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section, the following rules shall apply.

(A) If before the distribution Distributing transfers any property it received from the predecessor of Distributing in the combining transfer in a transaction in which gain or loss is not recognized in whole, the property received by Distributing in exchange for such property shall be treated as transferred to Distributing in the combining transfer.

(B) The basis of the property other than stock of Controlled treated as transferred to the newly formed, wholly owned corporation by the predecessor of Distributing shall equal the basis of such property in the hands of Controlled immediately before the distribution.

(C) Only property (other than stock of Controlled) owned by Controlled at the time of the distribution shall be taken into account in computing the amount pursuant to paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section. However, if before the distribution Controlled transfers any property it received in the separating transfer in a transaction in which gain or loss is not recognized in whole, the property received by Controlled in exchange for such property shall be treated as transferred to Controlled in the separating transfer.

(D) The basis and fair market value of the stock of Controlled treated as transferred to the newly formed, wholly owned corporation shall equal the basis and fair market value, respectively, of such stock immediately before the combining transfer in which the predecessor of Distributing transferred such stock to Distributing.

(3) Acquisitions of a distributing corporation. If a distribution and acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in Distributing are part of a plan and the acquisitions occur in a combining transfer, the amount of gain recognized by Distributing by reason of section 355(e) as a result of the acquisitions shall not exceed the excess, if any, of the amount described in section 355(c)(2) or section 361(c)(2), as applicable, over the amount of gain, if any, that Distributing would have been required to recognize if there had been acquisitions of stock that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in the predecessor of Distributing (but not Distributing) involved in the combining transfer that were part of a plan that includes the distribution, taking into account the limitation in paragraph (e)(2) of this section. For purposes of this paragraph (e)(3), references to Distributing shall not include a reference to a predecessor of Distributing.

(4) Overall limitation on gain recognition. The sum of the amounts required to be recognized by Distributing under section 355(e) and the regulations promulgated thereunder (taking into account paragraphs (e)(2) and (3) of this section) shall not exceed the amount described in section 355(c)(2) or section 361(c)(2), as applicable.

(f) Predecessor or successor as a member of the affiliated group. For purposes of section 355(e)(2)(C), a predecessor of Distributing shall be treated as continuing in existence following the combining transfer to which section 381 applies described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, a predecessor of Controlled shall be treated as continuing in existence following the transaction to which section 381 applies described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, and Distributing or Controlled shall be treated as continuing in existence following a successor transaction.

(g) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of this section. Unless otherwise stated, assume throughout these examples that Distributing (D) owns all the stock of Controlled (C) and that D distributes the stock of C in a distribution to which section 355 applies, but to which section 355(d) does not apply. In addition, assume that X, Y, and Z are individuals, and that D, C, P, Q, and R are corporations and none of them is a member of a consolidated group. No inference should be drawn from any example concerning whether any requirements of section 355 other than those of section 355(e) are satisfied. The examples are as follows:

Example 1. Predecessor of distributing—(i) Facts. X owns 100 percent of the stock of P and Y owns 100 percent of the stock of D. P merges into D in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(A). Immediately after the merger, X and Y own 10 percent and 90 percent, respectively, of the stock of D. D then contributes to C one of the assets acquired from P in the merger. At the time of the contribution, the asset has a basis of $40x and a fair market value of $110x. In exchange for the asset, D receives additional C stock and $10x. D distributes the stock of C (but not the cash) to X and Y pro rata. The contribution is described in section 368(a)(1)(D) and D recognizes $10x of gain under section 361(b) in the contribution. Immediately before the distribution, the asset contributed to C has a basis of $50x and a fair market value of $110x, and the stock of C held by D has a basis of $100x and a fair market value of $200x.

(ii) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, P is a predecessor of D because before the distribution P transferred property to D in a transaction to which section 381 applies, D transferred some but not all of the acquired property to C, and immediately after its transfer to C, the property has a basis determined in whole or in part by reference to the basis of the property in the hands of D immediately before the transfer to C.

(iii) Under paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section, Y is treated as acquiring stock representing 90 percent of the voting power and value of P.

(iv) If the distribution and Y’s deemed acquisition of a 90-percent interest in P were part of a plan, D would recognize gain in the amount described in section 361(c)(2). Without regard to the limitations in paragraph (e) of this section, D would be required to recognize $100x of gain. Under paragraph (e)(2) of this section, however, D’s gain recognized by reason of the acquisition of P would not exceed $60x, the gain P would have recognized if, immediately before the distribution, it had transferred the former P property transferred by D to C to a newly formed, wholly owned corporation solely for stock of such corporation in an exchange to which section 351 applied and then sold that stock to an unrelated person for cash equal to its fair market value. Therefore, D would recognize $60x of gain.

Example 2. Distributing’s predecessor owns controlled stock—(i) Facts. X owns 100 percent of the stock of P, and Y owns 100 percent of the stock of D. P owns 35 percent of the stock of C with a basis of $40x and a fair market value of $35x. D owns the remaining 65 percent of the C stock with a basis of $10x and a fair market value of $65x. P merges into D in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(A). Immediately after the merger, X and Y own 10 percent and 90 percent, respectively, of the D stock, and D owns 100 percent of the C stock with a basis of $50x and a fair market value of $100x. D then contributes to C one of the assets it acquired from P in the merger in exchange for additional shares of C. The contribution qualifies as a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(D). After the contribution, D distributes all of the C stock to X and Y pro rata. Immediately before the distribution, the asset contributed to C has a basis of $40x and a fair market value of $100x, and the C stock held by D has a basis of $90x and a fair market value of $200x.

(ii) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, P is a predecessor of D because before the distribution P transferred property to D in a transaction to which section 381 applies, D transferred some but not all of the acquired property to C, and immediately after its transfer to C, the property has a basis determined in whole or in part by reference to the basis of the property in the hands of D immediately before the transfer to C. P is also a predecessor of D under paragraph (b)(1) of this section because some but not all of the property transferred to D includes C stock and, after the merger, D does not transfer all of the property acquired from P to C.

(iii) Under paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section, Y is treated as acquiring stock representing 90 percent of the voting power and value of P.

(iv) If the distribution and Y’s deemed acquisition of a 90-percent interest in P were part of a plan, D would recognize gain in the amount described in section 361(c)(2). Without regard to the limitations in paragraph (e) of this section, D would be required to recognize $110x of gain. Under paragraph (e)(2) of this section, however, D’s gain recognized by reason of the acquisition of P would not exceed $55x, the gain P would have recognized if, immediately before the distribution, it had transferred the former P property that was transferred by D to C and the stock of C acquired from P to a newly formed, wholly owned corporation solely for stock of such corporation in an exchange to which section 351 applies and then sold that stock to an unrelated person for cash equal to its fair market value. For this purpose, the basis and fair market value of the C stock is treated as its basis and fair market value, respectively, immediately before the merger. Therefore, D would recognize $55x of gain.

Example 3. Predecessor of controlled—(i) Facts. X owns 100 percent of the stock of P and P owns various assets including 100 percent of the stock of R. Y owns 100 percent of the stock of D and D owns 100 percent of the stock of C. P merges into D in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(A). Immediately after the merger, X and Y own 10 percent and 90 percent, respectively, of the stock of D. D then causes R to merge into C in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(D). At the time of the P-D merger, the R stock has a basis of $40x and a fair market value of $110x. D distributes the stock of C to X and Y pro rata. Immediately before the distribution, the stock of C held by D has a basis of $100x and a fair market value of $200x.

(ii) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, R is a predecessor of C because before the distribution R transferred property to C in a transaction to which section 381 applies. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, P is a predecessor of D because some but not all of the property transferred to D includes stock of R, a predecessor of C and, after the merger, D does not transfer all of the property acquired from P to C.

(iii) Under paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section, Y is treated as acquiring stock representing 90 percent of the voting power and value of P.

(iv) If the distribution and Y’s deemed acquisition of a 90-percent interest in P were part of a plan, D would recognize gain in the amount described in section 361(c)(2). Without regard to the limitations in paragraph (e) of this section, D would be required to recognize $100x of gain. Under paragraph (e)(2) of this section, however, D’s gain recognized by reason of the acquisition of P would not exceed $70x, the gain P would have recognized if, immediately before the distribution, it had transferred the stock of R to a newly formed, wholly owned corporation solely for stock of such corporation in an exchange to which section 351 applied and then sold that stock to an unrelated person for cash equal to its fair market value. For this purpose, the basis and fair market value of the R stock is treated as its basis and fair market value, respectively, immediately before the P-D merger. Therefore, D would recognize $70x of gain.

Example 4. Acquisition of a distributing corporation. (i) Facts. X owns 100 percent of the stock of P and Y owns 100 percent of the stock of D. P merges into D in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(A). In the merger, X acquires 60 percent of the D stock. After the merger, therefore, X and Y own 60 percent and 40 percent, respectively, of the stock of D. D then contributes to C, a newly formed corporation, some of the assets acquired from P in the merger and one asset that it owned prior to the merger, in exchange for C stock in a transfer that qualifies as a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(D). After the contribution, D distributes the C stock to its shareholders pro rata. Immediately before the distribution, the contributed asset that D had owned prior to the merger has a basis of $3x and a fair market value of $10x and the contributed assets acquired from P have an aggregate basis of $1x and an aggregate value of $30x. Finally, immediately before the distribution, D’s C stock has a basis of $4x and a fair market value of $40x.

(ii) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, P is a predecessor of D because before the distribution P transferred property to D in a transaction to which section 381 applies, D transferred some but not all of the acquired property to C, and immediately after its transfer to C, the property has a basis determined in whole or in part by reference to the basis of the property in the hands of D immediately before the transfer to C.

(iii) Under paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section, Y is treated as acquiring stock representing 40 percent of the voting power and value of P. There are not acquisitions that in the aggregate represent a 50-percent or greater interest in P in the merger that is pursuant to a plan that includes a distribution. However, there is an acquisition by X of a 60-percent interest in D in the merger. If that acquisition were pursuant to a plan that includes the distribution, D would be required to recognize gain in the amount described in section 361(c)(2). Without regard to the limitations in paragraph (e) of this section, D would be required to recognize $36x of gain. Under paragraph (e)(3) of this section, however, because that acquisition occurred in connection with P’s merger into D, the amount of gain recognized by D would not exceed $7x, the excess of the gain described in section 361(c)(2) ($36x) over the gain that D would have been required to recognize if there had been an acquisition of stock representing a 50-percent or greater interest in P (but not D) that was part of a plan involving the distribution ($29x). Therefore, D would recognize $7x of gain.

Example 5. Successor of a controlled corporation—(i) Facts. X owns 100 percent of the stock of each of D and R. D owns 100 percent of the C stock. D’s C stock has a basis of $10x and a fair market value of $30x. D distributes all of its C stock to X. Immediately after the distribution, C merges into R in a reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(D). Immediately after the merger, X owns all of the R stock. Subsequently, Z purchases 60 percent of the stock of R from X.

(ii) Analysis. Under paragraph (c) of this section, R is a successor of C because after the distribution C transfers property to R in a transaction to which section 381 applies. Accordingly, Z acquired an interest in a successor of C. In addition, under paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this section, the stock of R is treated as stock of C such that Z is treated as acquiring 60 percent of the voting power and value of C.

(iii) If the distribution and Z’s acquisition of a 60-percent interest in R were part of a plan, D would be required to recognize gain in the amount of $20x, the amount described in section 355(c)(2).

(h) Effective date. This section applies to distributions occurring after the date these regulations are published as final regulations in the Federal Register.

Mark E. Matthews,
Deputy Commissioner for
Services and Enforcement.

* * * * *

* * * * *

(a) * * *

(8) Disclosure of liabilities assumed or taken subject to within seven years of transfer.

* * * * *

(a) Treatment of transfers as a sale.

(1) In general.

(2) Definition, timing and consequences of sale.

(i) Definition of sale.

(ii) Timing and consequences of sale.

(A) In general.

(B) Simultaneous transfers.

(C) Transfer to selling partner first.

(D) Transfer by purchasing partner first.

(E) Consequences of deemed transactions.

(3) Amount of sale.

(i) In general.

(ii) Aggregation of consideration.

(4) Liability relief included in amount realized on sale.

(5) Sale precedes excess distribution to selling partner.

(6) Transfers first treated as a sale of property.

(7) Application of disguised sale rules.

(8) Certain transfers disregarded.

(b) Transfers treated as sale.

(1) In general.

(2) Facts and circumstances.

(c) Transfers made within two years presumed to be a sale.

(d) Transfers made more than two years apart presumed not to be a sale.

(e) Transfers of money in liquidation of a partner’s interest presumed not to be a sale.

(f) Application of §1.707-4 (special rules applicable to guaranteed payments, preferred returns, operating cash flow distributions, and reimbursements of preformation expenditures).

(g) Exception for certain transfers to and by service partnerships.

(h) Other exceptions.

(i) [Reserved.]

(j) Special rules relating to liabilities.

(1) In general.

(2) Partner liability assumed by partnership.

(3) Partnership liability assumed by partner.

(4) Partner’s share of liability.

(i) Recourse liability.

(ii) Nonrecourse liability.

(5) Reduction of partner’s share of liability.

(6) Treatment of debt-financed transfers of consideration by partnerships.

(i) In general.

(ii) Partner’s allocable share of liability.

(A) In general.

(B) Debt-financed transfers made pursuant to a plan.

(1) In general.

(2) Special rule.

(C) Reduction of partner’s share of liability.

(7) Share of liability where assumption accompanied by transfer of money.

(8) Anti-abuse rule.

(k) Disclosure rules.

(l) Examples.

* * * * *

* * * * *

(c) Parties required to disclose.

* * * * *

(a) Sections 1.707-3 through 1.707-7.

(1) * * *

(2) Transfers occurring before effective dates.

* * * * *

Par. 3. In §1.707-3, the heading for paragraph (c)(2) and the text in paragraph (c)(2)(i) are amended by removing the language “two” and adding “seven” in its place.

Par. 4. In §1.707-5, new paragraph (a)(8) is added.

The addition reads as follows:

(a) * * *

(8) Disclosure of liabilities assumed or taken subject to within seven years of transfer. Disclosure to the Internal Revenue Service in accordance with §1.707-8 is required if—

(i) A partner transfers property to a partnership and the partnership assumes or takes subject to a liability of the partner (whether or not the liability is qualified, as described in §1.707-5(a)(6)) within a seven-year period (without regard to the order of the transactions);

(ii) The partner treats the transactions as other than as a sale for tax purposes; and

(iii) The transactions are not disclosed under paragraph (a)(7)(ii) of this section.

* * * * *

Par. 5. In §1.707-6 is amended as follows:

1. Revising paragraph (c) introductory text.

2. Amending paragraph (c)(1) by removing the language “two” and adding “seven” in its place.

3. Adding new paragraph (c)(3).

The revisions and addition read as follows:

* * * * *

(c) * * * Similar to the rules provided in §§1.707-3(c)(2), 1.707-5(a)(7)(ii), and 1.707-5(a)(8), a partnership is to disclose to the Internal Revenue Service, in accordance with §1.707-8, the facts in the following circumstances:

* * * * *

(3) When a partnership transfers property to a partner and the partner assumes or takes subject to a liability of the partnership (whether or not the liability is qualified, as described in §1.707-5(a)(6)) within a seven-year period (without regard to the order of the transactions), the partnership treats the transactions as other than as a sale for tax purposes, and the transactions are not disclosed under paragraph (c)(2) of this section.

* * * * *

Par. 6. Section 1.707-7 is revised to read as follows:

(a) Treatment of transfers as a sale—(1) In general. Except as otherwise provided in this section, if a transfer of money, property or other consideration (including the assumption of a liability) (consideration) by a partner (purchasing partner) to a partnership and a transfer of consideration by the partnership to another partner (selling partner) are described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the transfers are treated as a sale, in whole or in part, of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership to the purchasing partner. For purposes of this section, the term transfer refers to a portion of a single transfer or to one or more transfers.

(2) Definition, timing and consequences of sale—(i) Definition of sale. For purposes of this section, the use of the term sale (or any variation of that word) to refer to a transfer of consideration by a purchasing partner to a partnership and a transfer of consideration by the partnership to a selling partner means a sale or exchange, in whole or in part, of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership to the purchasing partner, rather than a contribution and distribution to which sections 721 and 731, respectively, apply. Transfers that are treated as a sale under paragraph (a)(1) of this section are treated as a sale for all purposes of the Internal Revenue Code (e.g., sections 453, 483, 704, 708, 743, 751, 1001, 1012 and 1274).

(ii) Timing and consequences of sale—(A) In general. For purposes of this section, a transfer is treated as occurring on the date of the actual transfer, or if earlier, on the date that the transferor agrees in writing to make the transfer. The sale of the selling partner’s partnership interest is considered to take place on the date of the earliest of the transfers described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. On this date, the purchasing partner is treated as acquiring the partnership interest sold for all purposes of the Internal Revenue Code.

(B) Simultaneous transfers. If the transfer of consideration by the purchasing partner and the transfer of consideration to the selling partner are simultaneous and the consideration transferred is the same, the partners and the partnership are treated as if, on the date of the sale, the purchasing partner transferred that partner’s consideration (purchasing partner’s consideration) directly to the selling partner in exchange for all or a portion of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership. If the transfer of consideration by the purchasing partner to the partnership and the transfer of consideration by the partnership to the selling partner are simultaneous and the consideration transferred is not the same, the partners and the partnership are treated as if, on the date of the sale, the purchasing partner transferred that partner’s consideration to the partnership in exchange for the consideration to be transferred to the selling partner (selling partner’s consideration) and then the purchasing partner transferred the selling partner’s consideration to the selling partner in exchange for all or a portion of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership.

(C) Transfer to selling partner first. If the transfer of consideration by the partnership to the selling partner occurs before the transfer of consideration by the purchasing partner to the partnership, the partners and the partnership are treated as if, on the date of the sale, the purchasing partner transferred an obligation to deliver the purchasing partner’s consideration to the partnership in exchange for the selling partner’s consideration and then the purchasing partner transferred the selling partner’s consideration to the selling partner in exchange for all or a portion of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership. On the date of the actual transfer of the purchasing partner’s consideration, the purchasing partner and the partnership are treated as if the purchasing partner satisfied its obligation to deliver the purchasing partner’s consideration to the partnership.

(D) Transfer by purchasing partner first. If the transfer of consideration by the partnership to the selling partner occurs after the transfer of consideration by the purchasing partner to the partnership, the partners and the partnership are treated as if, on the date of the sale, the purchasing partner transferred the purchasing partner’s consideration to the partnership in exchange for an obligation of the partnership to deliver the selling partner’s consideration and then the purchasing partner transferred that obligation to the selling partner in exchange for all or a portion of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership. On the date of the actual transfer of the selling partner’s consideration, the selling partner and the partnership are treated as if the partnership satisfied its obligation to deliver the selling partner’s consideration to the selling partner.

(E) Consequences of deemed transactions. Transfers and exchanges that are deemed to occur under paragraphs (a)(2)(ii)(B), (a)(2)(ii)(C), and (a)(2)(ii)(D) of this section are treated as actual transfers or exchanges for all purposes of the Internal Revenue Code (e.g., sections 453, 483, 704, 708, 743, 751, 1001, 1012 and 1274).

(3) Amount of sale—(i) In general. If a transfer of consideration by a purchasing partner to a partnership and a transfer of consideration by the partnership to a selling partner are treated as a sale under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the selling partner is treated as selling to the purchasing partner a partnership interest with a value equal to the lesser of the selling partner’s consideration or the purchasing partner’s consideration.

(ii) Aggregation of consideration. For purposes of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, simultaneous transfers of consideration by more than one purchasing partner to a partnership or by a partnership to more than one selling partner are aggregated. In those cases—

(A) Each purchasing partner is presumed to have purchased that fraction of each partnership interest(s) sold equal to—

(1) The amount of consideration transferred by that partner to the partnership, divided; by

(2) The aggregate consideration transferred by all purchasing partners to the partnership; and

(B) Each selling partner is presumed to have sold that fraction of the total partnership interest(s) sold equal to—

(1) The amount of consideration transferred by the partnership to that partner, divided; by

(2) The aggregate consideration transferred by the partnership to all selling partners.

(4) Liability relief included in amount realized on sale. The amount realized by a selling partner on the sale of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership includes any reduction in the selling partner’s share of partnership liabilities that is treated as occurring as a result of the sale. If a sale of a partnership interest and either a distribution by the partnership to the selling partner under section 731 or a contribution by the purchasing partner to the partnership under section 721 occur on the same date, the reduction in the selling partner’s share of partnership liabilities is computed immediately after the sale and before the distribution or the contribution, as the case may be. To the extent a reduction in a selling partner’s share of partnership liabilities is included in the amount realized by the selling partner on the sale of an interest in a partnership because the amount is treated as consideration received by the selling partner in exchange for the selling partner’s interest under paragraph (j)(2) of this section, the amount of the reduction shall not also be included in the amount realized by operation of this paragraph.

(5) Sale precedes excess distribution to selling partner. If a portion of a transfer of consideration by a partnership to a selling partner is not treated as part of a sale of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership, but as a distribution to the selling partner under section 731, and the sale is treated as occurring on the same date as the distribution, then the distribution is treated as occurring immediately following the sale.

(6) Transfers first treated as a sale of property. To the extent that a transfer of consideration by a purchasing partner to a partnership or a transfer of consideration by a partnership to a selling partner may be treated as part of a sale of property under §1.707-3(a), §1.707-3(a) applies before this section, and to the extent the transfer is treated as part of a sale of property under §1.707-3(a), such transfer is not taken into account in applying the rules of this section.

(7) Application of disguised sale rules. Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (a)(8) of this section, the rules of this section apply to transfers to and from a partnership even if, after the application of the rules of this section, it is determined that the partnership has terminated under section 708(b)(1)(A).

(8) Certain transfers disregarded. Section 707(a)(2)(B) and the rules of this section do not apply to deemed transfers resulting from a termination of a partnership under section 708(b)(1)(B) and transfers incident to the formation of a partnership. However, transfers incident to the formation of a partnership may be transfers to which §1.707-3(a) applies.

(b) Transfers treated as sale—(1) In general. A transfer of consideration by a purchasing partner to a partnership and a transfer of consideration by the partnership to a selling partner constitute a sale, in whole or in part, of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership to the purchasing partner only if, based on all the facts and circumstances—

(i) The transfer of consideration by the partnership to the selling partner would not have been made but for the transfer of consideration to the partnership by the purchasing partner; and

(ii) In cases in which the transfers are not made simultaneously, the subsequent transfer is not dependent on the entrepreneurial risks of partnership operations.

(2) Facts and circumstances. The determination of whether a transfer of consideration by a purchasing partner to a partnership and a transfer of consideration by the partnership to a selling partner constitute a sale under paragraph (b)(1) of this section is made based on all the facts and circumstances in each case. The weight to be given each of the facts and circumstances will depend on the particular case. Generally, the facts and circumstances existing on the date of the earliest of the transfers are the ones considered in determining if a sale exists under paragraph (b)(1) of this section. Among the facts and circumstances that may tend to prove the existence of a sale under paragraph (b)(1) of this section are the following:

(i) That the timing and amount of all or any portion of a subsequent transfer are determinable with reasonable certainty at the time of an earlier transfer;

(ii) That the person receiving the subsequent transfer has a legally enforceable right to the transfer or that the right to receive the transfer is secured in any manner, taking into account the period for which it is secured;

(iii) That the same property (other than money, including marketable securities that are treated as money under section 731(c)(1)) that is transferred to the partnership by the purchasing partner is transferred to the selling partner;

(iv) That partnership distributions, allocations or control of operations are designed to effect an exchange of the benefits and burdens of ownership of transferred property (other than money, including marketable securities that are treated as money under section 731(c)(1)), including a partnership interest;

(v) That the partnership holds transferred property (other than money, including marketable securities that are treated as money under section 731(c)(1)) for a limited period of time, or during the period of time the partnership holds transferred property (other than money, including marketable securities that are treated as money under section 731(c)(1)), the risk of gain or loss associated with the property is not significant;

(vi) That the transfer of consideration by the partnership to the selling partner is disproportionately large in relationship to the selling partner’s general and continuing interest in partnership profits;

(vii) That the selling partner has no obligation to return or repay the consideration to the partnership, or has an obligation to return or repay the consideration due at such a distant point in the future that the present value of that obligation is small in relation to the amount of consideration transferred by the partnership to the selling partner;

(viii) That the transfer of consideration by the purchasing partner or the transfer of consideration to the selling partner is not made pro rata;

(ix) That there were negotiations between the purchasing partner and the selling partner (or between the partnership and each of the purchasing and selling partners with each partner being aware of the negotiations with the other partner) concerning any transfer of consideration; and

(x) That the selling partner and purchasing partner enter into one or more agreements, including an amendment to the partnership agreement (other than for admitting the purchasing partner) relating to the transfers.

(c) Transfers made within two years presumed to be a sale. For purposes of this section, if within a two-year period a purchasing partner transfers consideration to a partnership and the partnership transfers consideration to a selling partner (without regard to the order of the transfers), the transfers are presumed to be a sale, in whole or in part, of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership to the purchasing partner unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish that the transfers do not constitute a sale.

(d) Transfers made more than two years apart presumed not to be a sale. For purposes of this section, if a transfer of consideration by a purchasing partner to a partnership and the transfer of consideration by the partnership to a selling partner (without regard to the order of the transfers) occur more than two years apart, the transfers are presumed not to be a sale, in whole or in part, of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership to the purchasing partner unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish that the transfers constitute a sale.

(e) Transfers of money in liquidation of a partner’s interest presumed not to be a sale. Notwithstanding the presumption set forth in paragraph (c) of this section, for purposes of this section, if a partnership transfers money, including marketable securities that are treated as money under section 731(c)(1), to a selling partner, or is treated as transferring consideration to the selling partner under paragraph (j)(2) of this section, in liquidation of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership, the transfer is presumed not to be a sale, in whole or in part, of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership to the purchasing partner unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish that the transfer is part of a sale. See §1.761-1(d) for the definition of the term liquidation of a partner’s interest.

(f) Application of §1.707-4 (special rules applicable to guaranteed payments, preferred returns, operating cash flow distributions, and reimbursements of preformation expenditures). Notwithstanding the presumption set forth in paragraph (c) of this section, rules similar to those provided in §1.707-4 apply to determine the extent to which a transfer to a selling partner is treated as part of a sale of the selling partner’s interest in the partnership to the purchasing partner.

(g) Exception for certain transfers to and by service partnerships. Section 707(a)(2)(B) and the rules of this section do not apply to transfers of money, including marketable securities that are treated as money under section 731(c)(1), to and by a partnership that would be described in section 448(d)(2) if the partnership were a corporation. Solely for purposes of applying section 448(d)(2) to partnerships under this paragraph (g), partners are treated as employees of the partnership and “partnership interest” is substituted for “stock” in testing for ownership by the employees performing services.

(h) Other exceptions. The Commissioner may provide by guidance published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin that section 707(a)(2)(B) and the rules of this section do not apply to other transfers to and by a partnership.

(i) [Reserved.]

(j) Special rules relating to liabilities—(1) In general. For purposes of this section, deemed contributions to and distributions from a partnership under section 752 resulting from reallocations of partnership liabilities among partners are not treated as transfers of consideration. Under paragraph (a)(4) of this section, the preceding sentence does not apply if the transaction is otherwise treated as a sale of a partnership interest under the rules of this section.

(2) Partner liability assumed by partnership. For purposes of this section, if a partnership assumes a liability of a partner, the partnership is treated as transferring consideration to the partner to the extent that the amount of the liability exceeds the partner’s share of that liability (determined under the rules of paragraphs (j)(4) and (5) of this section) immediately after the partnership assumes the liability. For purposes of this section, a partnership is treated as assuming a liability of a partner to the extent provided in §§1.752-1(d) and (e). For purposes of this paragraph (j)(2), if the partnership assumes the liabilities of more than one partner pursuant to a plan, a partner’s share of the liabilities assumed by the partnership pursuant to that plan immediately after the assumptions equals the sum of that partner’s shares of the liabilities assumed by the partnership pursuant to the plan. The preceding sentence does not apply to any liability assumed by the partnership with a principal purpose of reducing the extent to which any other liability assumed by the partnership is treated as a transfer of consideration to a partner under this paragraph (j)(2).

(3) Partnership liability assumed by partner. For purposes of this section, if a partner assumes a liability of a partnership, the partner is treated as transferring consideration to the partnership to the extent that the amount of the liability exceeds the partner’s share of that liability (determined under the rules of paragraph (j)(4) of this section) immediately before the partner assumes the liability. For purposes of this section, a partner assumes a partnership liability to the extent provided in §§1.752-1(e) and 1.704-1(b)(2)(iv)(c). For purposes of this paragraph (j)(3), if more than one partner assumes a liability of the partnership pursuant to a plan, the amount that is treated as a transfer of consideration by each partner is the amount by which all of the liabilities assumed by the partner pursuant to the plan exceed the partner’s share of all of those liabilities immediately before the assumption. The preceding sentence does not apply to any liability assumed by a partner with a principal purpose of reducing the extent to which any other liability assumed by a partner is treated as a transfer of consideration to a partnership under this paragraph (j)(3).

(4) Partner’s share of liability. A partner’s share of any liability of the partnership is determined under the following rules:

(i) Recourse liability. A partner’s share of a recourse liability of the partnership equals the partner’s share of the liability under the rules of section 752 and the regulations thereunder. A partnership liability is a recourse liability to the extent that the obligation is a recourse liability under §1.752-1(a)(1) or would be treated as a recourse liability under that section if it were treated as a partnership liability for purposes of that section.

(ii) Nonrecourse liability. A partner’s share of a nonrecourse liability of the partnership is determined by applying the same percentage used to determine the partner’s share of the excess nonrecourse liability under §1.752-3(a)(3). A partnership liability is a nonrecourse liability of the partnership to the extent that the obligation is a nonrecourse liability under §1.752-1(a)(2) or would be treated as a nonrecourse liability under that section if it were treated as a partnership liability for purposes of that section.

(5) Reduction of partner’s share of liability. For purposes of this section, a partner’s share of a liability, immediately after a partnership assumes the liability, is determined by taking into account a subsequent reduction in the partner’s share if—

(i) At the time that the partnership assumes a liability, it is anticipated that the transferring partner’s share of the liability will be subsequently reduced; and

(ii) The reduction of the partner’s share of the liability is part of a plan that has as one of its principal purposes minimizing the extent to which the assumption of the liability is treated as part of a sale under this section.

(6) Treatment of debt-financed transfers of consideration by partnerships—(i) In general. For purposes of this section, if a partnership incurs a liability and all or a portion of the proceeds of that liability are allocable under §1.163-8T to a transfer of consideration to a partner made within 90 days of incurring the liability, the transfer of consideration to the partner is taken into account only to the extent that the amount of consideration transferred exceeds that partner’s allocable share of the partnership liability.

(ii) Partner’s allocable share of liability—(A) In general. A partner’s allocable share of a partnership liability for purposes of paragraph (j)(6)(i) of this section equals the amount obtained by multiplying the partner’s share of the liability (as defined in paragraph (j)(4) of this section) by a fraction determined by dividing—

(1) The portion of the liability that is allocable under §1.163-8T to the consideration transferred to the partner; by

(2) The total amount of the liability.

(B) Debt-financed transfers made pursuant to a plan—(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (j)(6)(ii)(C) of this section, if a partnership transfers to more than one partner pursuant to a plan all or a portion of the proceeds of one or more partnership liabilities, paragraph (j)(6)(i) of this section is applied by treating all of the liabilities incurred pursuant to the plan as one liability, and each partner’s allocable share of those liabilities equals the amount obtained by multiplying the sum of the partner’s shares of each of the respective liabilities (as defined in paragraph (j)(4) of this section) by the fraction obtained by dividing—

(i) The portion of those liabilities that is allocable under §1.163-8T to the consideration transferred to the partners pursuant to the plan; by

(ii) The total amount of those liabilities.

(2) Special rule. Paragraph (j)(6)(ii)(B)(1) of this section does not apply to any transfer of consideration to a partner that is made with a principal purpose of reducing the extent to which any transfer is taken into account under paragraph (j)(6)(i) of this section.

(C) Reduction of partner’s share of liability. For purposes of paragraph (j)(6)(ii) of this section, a partner’s share of a liability is determined by taking into account a subsequent reduction in the partner’s share if—

(1) It is anticipated that the partner’s share of the liability that is allocable to a transfer of consideration to the partner will be reduced subsequent to the transfer; and

(2) The reduction of the partner’s share of the liability is part of a plan that has as one of its principal purposes minimizing the extent to which the partnership’s distribution of the proceeds of the borrowing is treated as part of a sale.

(7) Share of liability where assumption accompanied by transfer of money. For purposes of paragraph (j)(2) of this section, if pursuant to a plan a partner pays or contributes money to the partnership and the partnership assumes one or more liabilities of the partner, the amount of those liabilities that the partnership is treated as assuming is reduced (but not below zero) by the money transferred. Similarly, for purposes of paragraph (j)(3) of this section, if pursuant to a plan a partnership pays or distributes money to a partner and the partner assumes one or more liabilities of the partnership, the amount of those liabilities that the partner is treated as assuming is reduced (but not below zero) by the money transferred.

(8) Anti-abuse rule. For purposes of this section, an increase in a partner’s share of a partnership liability may be treated as a transfer of consideration by the partner to the partnership, notwithstanding any other rule in this section, if—

(i) Within a short period of time after the partnership incurs or assumes the liability or another liability, one or more partners of the partnership, or related parties to a partner (within the meaning of section 267(b) or 707(b)), in substance bears an economic risk for the liability that is disproportionate to the partner’s interest in partnership profits or capital; and

(ii) The transactions are undertaken pursuant to a plan that has as one of its principal purposes minimizing the extent to which the partner is treated as making a transfer of consideration to the partnership that may be treated as part of a sale under this section.

(k) Disclosure rules. Disclosure to the Internal Revenue Service in accordance with §1.707-8 is required when a partner transfers consideration to a partnership and the partnership transfers consideration to another partner within a seven-year period (without regard to the order of the transfers), the partners treat the transfers other than as a sale for tax purposes, and the transfer of consideration by the partnership is not presumed to be a guaranteed payment for capital under §1.707-4(a)(1)(ii), is not a reasonable preferred return within the meaning of §1.707-4(a)(3), and is not an operating cash flow distribution within the meaning of §1.707-4(b)(2). However, disclosure is not required under this paragraph if an exception provided in either paragraph (a)(8) (relating to transfers resulting from a termination of a partnership under section 708(b)(1)(B) and transfers incident to the formation of a partnership) or paragraph (g) (relating to transfers to and by service partnerships) applies to either of the transfers.

(l) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of this section. For purposes of these examples, assume that the transfers would otherwise be respected as contributions and distributions and that, except as otherwise provided, sections 721(b), 751(b), 704(c)(1)(B), 737, and §1.707-3 do not apply. All amounts and percentages in these examples are rounded to the nearest whole number.

Example 1. Treatment of simultaneous transfers as a sale by a selling partner to a purchasing partner. (i) A and B each owns a 50% interest in partnership AB. AB holds Blackacre, real property with a fair market value of $400x. AB has no liabilities. On May 25, 2008, C transfers $100x in cash to AB in exchange for an interest in AB. Simultaneously, AB transfers $100x in cash to A.

(ii) Because C’s transfer of $100x to AB and AB’s transfer of $100x to A occurred within two years, the transfers are presumed to be a sale of a portion of A’s interest in AB to C under paragraph (c) of this section, unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish otherwise. There are no facts that rebut the presumption of sale treatment or that support the application of either of the presumptions against sale treatment provided in paragraphs (e) or (f) or the exception provided in paragraph (g) of this section. Thus, the transfers are treated as a sale of a portion of A’s interest in AB to C. Under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, the value of the partnership interest that A is treated as selling to C equals the lesser of the consideration transferred by AB to A or the consideration transferred by C to AB. C transferred $100x to AB, and A received $100x from AB. Thus, A is treated as having sold an interest in AB with a value of $100x to C.

Example 2. Treatment of non-simultaneous transfers as a sale by a selling partner to a purchasing partner. (i) The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that AB transfers $100x in cash to A on March 25, 2008, and C transfers $50x in cash to AB on May 25, 2008, in exchange for an interest in AB.

(ii) Because AB’s transfer of $100x to A and C’s transfer of $50x to AB occurred within two years, the transfers are presumed to be a sale of a portion of A’s interest in AB to C under paragraph (c) of this section, unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish otherwise. There are no facts that rebut the presumption of sale treatment or that support the application of either of the presumptions against sale treatment provided in paragraphs (e) or (f) or the exception provided in paragraph (g) of this section. Thus, the transfers are treated as a sale of a portion of A’s interest in AB to C. Under paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) of this section, the sale takes place on the date of the earliest of the transfers, March 25, 2008, upon AB’s transfer of $100x to A. Under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, the value of the partnership interest that A is treated as selling to C equals the lesser of the consideration transferred by AB to A or the consideration transferred by C to AB. C transferred $50x to AB, and A received $100x from AB. Thus, A is treated as having sold an interest in AB with a value of $50x to C. Under paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(C), because the transfer to A precedes the transfer by C, each of A, C, and AB is treated as if, on March 25, 2008, C transferred an obligation to deliver $50x to AB in exchange for $50x, and then C transferred $50x to A in exchange for a portion of A’s interest in AB with a value of $50x. On May 25, 2008, when C actually transfers $50x to AB, C is treated as satisfying the obligation to deliver $50x to AB. A also is treated as receiving, in its capacity as a partner, a distribution from AB to which section 731 applies of $50x ($100x transfer - $50x amount of sale). Under paragraph (a)(5) of this section, the distribution is treated as occurring immediately following the sale.

Example 3. Treatment of deemed transfers and exchanges. (i) A and B each owns a 50% interest in partnership AB. AB holds Whiteacre, real property with a fair market value of $1,000x and a tax basis of $700x, along with other assets. AB has no liabilities. On January 1, 2008, C transfers Investment Property, with a fair market value of $1,500x and a tax basis of $300x, to AB. Simultaneously with that transfer, AB transfers Whiteacre to B.

(ii) Because C’s transfer of Investment Property to AB and AB’s transfer of Whiteacre to B occurred within two years, the transfers are presumed to be a sale of a portion of B’s interest in AB to C under paragraph (c) of this section, unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish otherwise. There are no facts that rebut the presumption of sale treatment or that support the application of either of the presumptions against sale treatment provided in paragraphs (e) or (f) or the exception provided in paragraph (g) of this section. Thus, the transfers are treated as a sale of a portion of B’s interest in AB to C. Under paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) of this section, the sale takes place on the date of the earliest of the transfers, January 1, 2008. Under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, the value of the partnership interest that B is treated as selling to C equals the lesser of the consideration transferred by C to AB or the consideration transferred by AB to B. C transferred the Investment Property with a fair market value of $1,500x to AB, and B received Whiteacre with a fair market value of $1,000x from AB. Thus, B is treated as having sold an interest in AB with a value of $1,000x to C.

(iii) Under paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(B), because the transfers are simultaneous and the consideration transferred is not the same, each of B, C, and AB is treated as if, on January 1, 2008, C transferred $1,000x of the Investment Property to AB in exchange for Whiteacre and then C transferred Whiteacre to B in exchange for a portion of B’s interest in AB with a value of $1,000x. In the deemed exchange of $1,000x worth of the Investment Property for Whiteacre, AB realizes and recognizes gain of $300x ($1,000x - $700x basis), and C realizes and recognizes gain of $800x ($1,000x - $200x allocable basis). In the deemed exchange of Whiteacre for B’s interest in AB, B realizes and recognizes gain or loss under section 741 (and section 751(a), if applicable) based on an amount realized of $1,000x. C also is considered to have contributed to AB, in C’s capacity as a partner, $500x of the Investment Property ($1,500x total value of transferred Investment Property - $1,000x amount treated as C’s consideration) with an allocable basis of $100x in a transaction to which section 721 applies. Thus, the basis of the Investment Property in the hands of AB is $1,100x, C’s basis in the partnership interest is $1,100x, and the basis of Whiteacre in the hands of B is $1,000x.

Example 4. Treatment of simultaneous transfers as a sale by a selling partner to more than one purchasing partner. (i) E and F each owns a 50% interest in partnership EF. EF holds a building with a fair market value of $500x. EF has no liabilities. On May 25, 2008, G and H each transfer $50x in cash to EF in exchange for an interest in EF. Simultaneously, EF distributes $100x in cash to E.

(ii) Because each of G’s and H’s transfers of $50x to EF and EF’s transfer of $100x to E occurred within two years, G’s transfer to EF and EF’s transfer to E, and H’s transfer to EF and EF’s transfer to E, are presumed to be a sale of a portion of E’s interest in EF to G and H, respectively, under paragraph (c) of this section, unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish otherwise. There are no facts that rebut the presumption of sale treatment or that support the application of either of the presumptions against sale treatment provided in paragraphs (e) or (f) or the exception provided in paragraph (g) of this section. Thus, the transfers are treated as a sale of a portion of E’s partnership interest to G and H, respectively. Under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, the value of the partnership interest that E is treated as selling to each of G and H equals the lesser of the consideration transferred by EF to E or the consideration transferred by G and H to EF. Because G and H made simultaneous transfers of consideration to EF, the transfers are aggregated under paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section. G and H together transferred $100x to EF, and E received $100x from EF. Thus, E is treated as having sold a partnership interest with a value of $100x to G and H. Under paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section, when transfers of multiple purchasing partners are aggregated, each purchasing partner is presumed to have purchased a pro rata portion of the selling partner’s partnership interest. That is, G is presumed to have purchased the fraction of E’s partnership interest sold that is equal to G’s amount transferred ($50x) divided by the aggregate amount transferred by G and H ($100x), or one-half of the partnership interest that was sold. H also is presumed to have purchased the fraction of E’s partnership interest equal to H’s amount transferred ($50x) divided by the aggregate amount transferred by both of G and H ($100x), or one-half of the partnership interest that was sold. Thus, each of G and H is treated as having purchased a fraction of E’s partnership interest that is equal to $50x.

Example 5. Treatment of non-simultaneous transfers as a sale by a selling partner to more than one purchasing partner. (i) The facts are the same as in Example 4, except that partnership EF distributes $75x in cash to E on May 1, 2007. In addition, G transfers $50x in cash to EF on March 25, 2008, and H transfers $50x in cash to EF on May 25, 2008, each in exchange for a partnership interest in EF.

(ii) Because each of G’s and H’s transfers of $50x to EF and EF’s transfer of $75x to E occurred within two years, G’s transfer to EF and EF’s transfer to E, and H’s transfer to EF and EF’s transfer to E, are presumed to be a sale of a portion of E’s partnership interest to G and H, respectively, under paragraph (c) of this section, unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish otherwise. There are no facts that rebut the presumption of sale treatment or that support the application of either of the presumptions against sale treatment provided in paragraphs (e) or (f) or the exception provided in paragraph (g) of this section. Thus, the transfers are treated as a sale of a portion of E’s interest in EF to each of G and H, respectively. Under paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) of this section, the sale takes place on the date of the earliest of the transfers, May 1, 2007, the date that EF transferred $75x to E. Under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, the value of the partnership interest that E is treated as selling to each of G and H equals the lesser of the consideration transferred by G and H to EF, or the consideration transferred by EF to E. Because the transfers made by G and H were not simultaneous, the transfers are not aggregated. Rather, in accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(A) of this section, the transfers are considered in the order in which they were made. The value of the partnership interest that E is treated as selling to G equals $50x, the lesser of G’s $50x transfer to EF and the $75x that E received from EF. The value of the partnership interest that E is treated as selling to H equals $25x, the lesser of the remaining amount of the transfer to E, $25x ($75x - $50x = $25x), and H’s $50x transfer to EF. H also is considered to have contributed to EF, in H’s capacity as a partner, $25x ($50x transfer - $25x amount of sale), to which section 721 applies.

(iii) Under paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(C), each of E, G, and EF are treated as if, on May 1, 2007, G transferred an obligation to deliver $50x to EF in exchange for $50x, and, on that same date, G transferred $50x to E in exchange for a portion of E’s interest in EF with a value of $50x. On March 25, 2008, when G actually transfers $50x to EF, G is treated as satisfying its obligation to deliver $50x to EF. Also, under paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(C), each of E, H, and EF are treated as if, on May 1, 2007, H transferred an obligation to deliver $25x to EF in exchange for $25x, and, on that same date, H transferred $25x to E in exchange for a portion of E’s interest in EF with a value of $25x. On May 25, 2008, when H actually transfers $25x to EF, H is treated as satisfying its obligation to deliver $25x to EF.

Example 6. Operation of presumption for liquidation of a partner for money. (i) A and B each owns a 50% interest in partnership AB. AB holds marketable securities with a fair market value of $200x. AB has no liabilities. On April 1, 2008, C transfers $100x in cash to AB in exchange for an interest in AB. Simultaneously, AB distributes $100x of the marketable securities to A in liquidation of A’s partnership interest in AB. Assume that the marketable securities transferred to A are treated, under section 731(c)(1), as money for purposes of section 731(a)(1).

(ii) Because C’s transfer of $100x to AB and AB’s transfer of $100x of marketable securities to A occurred within two years, the transfers are presumed to be a sale of a portion of A’s interest in AB to C under paragraph (c) of this section. However, under paragraph (e) of this section, notwithstanding the presumption set forth in paragraph (c) of this section, AB’s transfer of marketable securities to A in liquidation of A’s interest in AB is presumed not to be a sale of A’s partnership interest to C, unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish otherwise. If, however, one of the exceptions under section 731(c)(3) applies to the $100x of marketable securities distributed to A, the securities would not be treated as money for purposes of section 731(a)(1), and the presumption against sale treatment under paragraph (e) of this section would not apply.

Example 7. Transfers that would otherwise be treated as both a sale of property and a sale of a partnership interest. (i) C and D each owns a 50% interest in partnership CD. CD holds Greenacre, real property with a fair market value of $2,000x. CD has no liabilities. On June 1, 2008, E transfers $500x in cash to CD in exchange for a partnership interest in CD. Immediately after E’s transfer, C transfers Redacre to CD, and CD distributes $500x in cash to C. At the time of the transfers, Redacre has a fair market value of $250x.

(ii) Because E’s transfer of $500x to CD and CD’s transfer of $500x to C occurred within two years, the transfers are presumed to be a sale of a portion of C’s partnership interest in CD to E under paragraph (c) of this section, unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish otherwise. There are no facts that rebut the presumption of sale treatment or that support the application of either of the presumptions against sale treatment provided in paragraphs (e) or (f) or the exception provided in paragraph (g) of this section. Thus, the transfers are treated as a sale of a portion of C’s partnership interest in CD to E. However, because C’s transfer of Redacre to CD and CD’s transfer of $500x to C occurred within two years, under §1.707-3(c), the transfers are presumed to be a sale of Redacre by C to CD. There are no facts that rebut the presumption that the transfers are a sale of Redacre by C to CD. Under paragraph (a)(6) of this section, transfers that are in part a sale of a partnership interest and in part a sale of property are treated, first, as part of a sale of property. Thus, C’s transfer of Redacre to CD and $250x of CD’s $500x transfer to C are treated, first, as a sale of Redacre by C to CD for $250x. Although the $250x distributed to C that is treated as part of a sale of Redacre is not treated as part of a sale of C’s partnership interest in CD to E, the remaining $250x that is distributed to C is treated as part of a sale of C’s partnership interest in CD to E. The value of the partnership interest that C is treated as selling to E equals $250x, the lesser of E’s $500x transfer to CD, and the remaining $250x that C received from CD. E also is considered to have contributed to CD, in E’s capacity as a partner, $250x ($500x contribution - $250x amount of sale), to which section 721 applies.

Example 8. Treatment of simultaneous transfers as a sale where partnership has nonrecourse liabilities. (i) A and B each owns a 50% interest in partnership AB. The partnership agreement states that the partners agree to share profits in proportion to the partners’ booked-up capital accounts. AB holds $100x cash and Orangeacre, a parcel of raw land with a fair market value of $860x. Orangeacre is encumbered by a $360x nonrecourse liability incurred by AB in 1998 in connection with the purchase of Orangeacre. The liability, which has an issue price of $360x, has a term of 10 years and all principal is payable at maturity. The liability provides for adequate stated interest, all of which is qualified stated interest. On January 1, 2007, C contributes $100x to AB in exchange for an interest in AB. On the same date, A receives a transfer of $200x from AB.

(ii) For purposes of determining whether the transfers constitute a disguised sale of A’s or B’s interest in AB, the $360x liability is ignored because no partner assumes the liability. Because C’s transfer of $100x to AB and AB’s transfer of $200x to A occurred within two years, the transfers are presumed to be a sale of a portion of A’s partnership interest in AB to C, under paragraph (c) of this section, unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish otherwise. There are no facts that rebut the presumption of sale treatment or that support the application of either of the presumptions against sale treatment provided in paragraphs (e) or (f) or the exception provided in paragraph (g) of this section. Thus, the transfers are treated as a sale of a portion of A’s partnership interest in AB to C. Under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, the value of the partnership interest that A is treated as selling to C equals the lesser of the consideration transferred by AB to A, or the consideration transferred by C to AB. C transferred $100x to AB, and A received $200x from AB. Thus, A is treated as having sold an interest in AB with a value of $100x to C. Under paragraph (a)(4) of this section, the amount realized by A on the sale of its partnership interest includes any reduction in A’s share of the $360x partnership liability that is treated as occurring as a result of the sale. Before the sale, A’s share of the nonrecourse liability under §1.752-3(a)(3) was $180x (50% of the $360x liability). As a result of A’s sale of its $100x partnership interest in AB to C, A’s share of the nonrecourse liability under §1.752-3(a)(3) was reduced to $120x (because A’s partnership interest was 33% after the sale but immediately before the $100x distribution from AB that reduced A’s interest in AB to 20%). Thus, A’s amount realized on the sale of its partnership interest equals $100x plus the reduction in A’s share of the $360x partnership liability of $60x ($180x - $120x), or $160x. A also is treated as receiving, in its capacity as a partner, and without regard to any deemed distributions under section 752(b), a distribution from AB to which section 731 applies of $100x ($200x transfer - $100x amount of sale). Under paragraph (a)(5) of this section, the distribution is treated as occurring immediately following the sale.

Example 9. Treatment of simultaneous transfers as a sale where selling partner has recourse liabilities that are assumed by the partnership. (i) The facts are the same as those in Example 8, except that AB does not make a transfer to A but AB does assume a personal $80x recourse liability of A’s, on January 1, 2007. Immediately after AB’s assumption of A’s personal $80x recourse liability, A is completely released from liability, and only B and C are ultimately liable on the $80x recourse debt.

(ii) As in Example 8, the $360x liability is ignored for purposes of determining whether the transfers constitute a sale of A’s or B’s interest in AB because no partner assumes the $360x liability. However, AB’s assumption of A’s $80x recourse liability is treated as a transfer of consideration to A to the extent that the amount of the liability exceeds A’s share of that liability immediately after AB assumes the liability, determined as provided in paragraph (j)(4)(i) of this section. Under paragraph (j)(4)(i) of this section, A’s share of the recourse liability immediately following the assumption is zero. Thus, the assumption is treated as a transfer of $80x to A by AB on January 1, 2007. Because C’s transfer of $100x to AB, and AB’s transfer of $80x to A, occurred within two years, the transfers are presumed to be a sale of a portion of A’s partnership interest in AB to C, under paragraph (c) of this section, unless the facts and circumstances clearly establish otherwise. There are no facts that rebut the presumption of sale treatment or that support the application of either of the presumptions against sale treatment provided in paragraphs (e) or (f) or the exception provided in paragraph (g) of this section. Thus, the transfers are treated as a sale of a portion of A’s partnership interest in AB to C. Under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, the value of the partnership interest that A is treated as selling to C equals the lesser of the consideration transferred by AB to A, or the consideration transferred by C to AB. C transferred $100x to AB, and A received $80x from AB. Thus, A is treated as having sold a partnership interest in AB with a value of $80x to C. Under paragraph (a)(4) of this section, the amount realized by A on the sale of its partnership interest includes any reduction in A’s share of the $360x partnership liability that is treated as occurring as a result of the sale. Before the sale, A’s share of the nonrecourse liability under §1.752-3(a)(3) was $180x (50% of the $360x liability). As a result of A’s sale of its $80x partnership interest in AB to C, A’s share of the nonrecourse liability under §1.752-3(a)(3) was reduced to $133x (because A’s partnership interest was 37% after the sale). Thus, A’s amount realized on the sale of its partnership interest equals $80x plus the reduction in A’s share of the $360x partnership liability of $47x ($180x - $133x), or $127x. C also is treated as making, in its capacity as a partner, and without regard to any deemed contributions under section 752(a), a contribution to AB to which section 721 applies of $20x ($100x contribution - $80x amount of sale).

Par. 7. Section 1.707-8 is amended as follows:

1. Revising paragraph (a).

2. Revising paragraph (c).

The revisions read as follows:

(a) In general. The disclosure referred to in §1.707-3(c)(2) (regarding certain transfers made within seven years of each other), §1.707-5(a)(7)(ii) (regarding a liability incurred within two years prior to a transfer of property), §1.707-5(a)(8) (relating to liabilities assumed within seven years of the transfer), §1.707-6(c) (relating to transfers of property from a partnership to a partner in situations analogous to those listed above), and §1.707-7(k) (relating to certain transfers made within seven years of each other) is to be made in accordance with paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section.

* * * * *

(c) Parties required to disclose. The disclosure required by this section must be made by any person who makes a transfer that is required to be disclosed. The persons who are required to disclose may designate by written agreement a single person to make the disclosure. The designation of one person to make the disclosure does not relieve the other persons required to disclose from their obligation to make the disclosure if the designated person fails to make the disclosure in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section.

Par. 8. Section 1.707-9 is amended as follows:

1. Revising the heading for paragraph (a).

2. Revising paragraph (a)(1).

3. Revising the heading for paragraph (a)(2), and adding a sentence at the end of the paragraph.

4. Amending paragraph (a)(3) by removing the language “1.707-6” and adding “1.707-7” in its place.

5. Revising paragraph (b).

The revisions and addition read as follows:

(a) Sections 1.707-3 through 1.707-7—(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, §§1.707-3 through 1.707-7 apply to any transaction with respect to which all transfers that are part of a sale of an item of property or of a partnership interest occur on or after the date these regulations are published as final regulations in the Federal Register. For any transaction with respect to which all transfers that are part of a sale of an item of property occur after April 24, 1991, but before the date these regulations are published as final regulations in the Federal Register, §§1.707-3 through 1.707-6 as contained in 26 CFR edition revised April 1, 2004, (T.D. 8439) apply, except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section.

(2) Transfers occurring before effective dates. * * * In addition, except as provided in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, in the case of any transaction with respect to which one or more of the transfers occurs after April 24, 1991, but before the date these regulations are published as final regulations in the Federal Register, the determination of whether the transaction is a disguised sale of a partnership interest under section 707(a)(2)(B) is to be made on the same basis.

* * * * *

(b)* * * The disclosure provisions described in §1.707-8 apply to transactions with respect to which all transfers that are part of a sale of property occur on and after the date these regulations are published as final regulations in the Federal Register. For transactions with respect to which all transfers that are part of a sale of property occur after September 30, 1992, but before the date these regulations are published as final regulations in the Federal Register, the disclosure provisions as described in §1.707-8 as contained in the 26 CFR edition revised April 1, 2004, (T.D. 8439) apply.

* * * * *

Par. 9. Section 1.752-3 is amended in the sixth sentence of paragraph (a)(3) by revising the sentence “This additional method does not apply for purposes of §1.707-5(a)(2)(ii)” to read “This additional method does not apply for purposes of §§1.707-5(a)(2)(ii) and 1.707-7(j)(4)(ii).”

Mark E. Matthews,
Deputy Commissioner for
Services and Enforcement.