This document contains proposed regulations to amend the Income Tax Regulations (26 CFR part 1) under sections 30C, 45, 45L, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48C, 48E, and 179D of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) and proposed amendments to the Income Tax Regulations (26 CFR part 1) under sections 45Q and 48 (proposed regulations). The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA), Public Law 117-169, 136 Stat. 1818 (August 16, 2022), amended sections 30C, 45, 45L, 45Q, 48, 48C, and 179D to provide increased credit or deduction amounts for taxpayers who satisfy certain requirements and added sections 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, and 48E to the Code to provide new credits, which also contain provisions for increased credit amounts for taxpayers who satisfy certain requirements. Increased credit amounts are available under sections 30C, 45, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48, 48C, and 48E, and an increased deduction is available under section 179D, for taxpayers satisfying certain prevailing wage and registered apprenticeship (PWA) requirements. Increased credit amounts are available under sections 45L and 45U for taxpayers satisfying certain prevailing wage requirements.¹ The IRA includes correction and penalty provisions available in certain situations if taxpayers have failed to satisfy the PWA requirements, and they are not otherwise eligible for the increased credit or deduction because they do not qualify for an exception.

The increased credit amounts are also generally available under sections 45, 45Y, 48, and 48E with respect to certain facilities with a maximum net output (or capacity for energy storage technology under section 48E) of less than one megawatt (One Megawatt Exception). Additionally, increased credit and deduction amounts are available under sections 30C, 45, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 48, 48E and 179D if beginning of installation or beginning of construction (BOC) occurs before January 29, 2023 (BOC Exception).

On October 24, 2022, the Treasury Department and the IRS issued Notice 2022-51, 2022-43 I.R.B. 331, requesting comments on aspects of the increased credits and deduction amounts enacted by the IRA, including the PWA provisions. Section 3.01 of Notice 2022-51 requested comments regarding the applicability of subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40 of the United States Code, which is commonly known as the Davis-Bacon Act; the special correction and penalty procedures generally provided for under section 45(b)(7)(B); any documentation or substantiation that should be required to show compliance with the prevailing wage requirements; and any other topics relating to the prevailing wage requirements that may require guidance. Section 3.02 of Notice 2022-51 requested comments addressing factors to be considered in regard to the appropriate duration of employment of individuals for construction, alteration, or repair work for purposes of the Participation Requirement; clarification regarding the Good Faith Effort Exception; factors to be considered in administering and promoting compliance with the Good Faith Effort Exception; whether methods exist to facilitate reporting requirements for the Good Faith Effort Exception; documentation or substantiation taxpayers maintain or could create to demonstrate compliance with the apprenticeship requirements or the Good Faith Effort Exception; and any other topics relating to the apprenticeship requirements that may require guidance. Comments received in response to Notice 2022-51 were considered in the drafting of these proposed regulations.

On November 30, 2022, the Treasury Department and the IRS published Notice 2022-61. 87 FR 73580, corrected in 87 FR 75141 (Dec. 7, 2022). Notice 2022-61 provided guidance on the PWA requirements that generally apply under sections 30C, 45, 45L, 45Q, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48, 48C, and 48E, and 179D. Additionally, Notice 2022-61 established the 60-day period described in sections 30C(g)(1)(C)(i), 45(b)(6)(B)(ii), 45Q(h)(2), 45V(e)(2)(A)(i), 45Y(a)(2)(B)(ii), 48(a)(9)(B)(ii), 48E(a)(2)(A)(ii)(II) and (a)(2)(B)(ii)(II), and 179D(b)(3)(B)(i). Specifically, Notice 2022-61 started the 60-day period applicable for determining if taxpayers qualify for the increased credit or deduction amounts by satisfying the BOC Exception. To be eligible for the BOC Exception, as indicated in Notice 2022-61, taxpayers must have begun construction or installation of a facility (as defined in Notice 2022-61) before January 29, 2023. Finally, Notice 2022-61 provided guidance for determining the beginning of construction under sections 30C, 45, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 48, and 48E, and the beginning of installation under section 179D.

A. In general

Prior to enactment of the IRA, the Code provided for certain temporary credits and deductions with respect to energy related facilities, projects, equipment, and investments under sections 30C, 45, 45L, 45Q, 48, 48C, and 179D. Congress had extended these provisions multiple times and for varying types of qualified facilities, energy projects, equipment, and investments. The IRA further amended these sections, generally adjusting the credit or deduction amounts, expiration dates, and qualifying activities. Under the IRA, Congress also enacted new credits under sections 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, (production tax credits) and 48E (investment tax credit).

The IRA provides increased credit or deduction amounts that generally apply for taxpayers who satisfy (i) certain PWA requirements regarding the construction, installation, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility, qualified property, qualified project, or qualified equipment, or with respect to certain facilities, (ii) the One Megawatt Exception, or (iii) the BOC Exception. Generally, if a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements or meets the One Megawatt Exception or the BOC Exception, the amount of credit or deduction determined is equal to the otherwise determined amount of the underlying credit or deduction multiplied by five.

B. PWA provisions

1. In General

The principal PWA requirements are set forth in section 45(b)(6), (7), and (8). In general, section 45(b)(6) provides the increased credit amount for taxpayers satisfying the PWA requirements or meeting one of the exceptions, section 45(b)(7) provides the prevailing wage requirements (Prevailing Wage Requirements), and section 45(b)(8) provides the apprenticeship requirements (Apprenticeship Requirements).²

Section 45 provides a credit for taxpayers producing and selling electricity from renewable resources to unrelated persons during the taxable year (section 45 credit). The section 45 credit is generally equal to 0.3 cents multiplied by the kilowatt hours of electricity (i) produced by the taxpayer from qualified energy resources and at a qualified facility during the 10-year period beginning on the date the facility was originally placed in service, and (ii) sold by the taxpayer to an unrelated person during the taxable year. If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, the One Megawatt Exception, or the BOC Exception, then the credit determined under section 45(a) for electricity produced at a qualified facility is multiplied by five.

2. Prevailing Wage Requirements

Under section 45(b)(6), in the case of a qualified facility that satisfies the PWA requirements of section 45(b)(7) and (b)(8), the One Megawatt Exception, or the BOC Exception, the credit under section 45(a) “shall be equal to such amount multiplied by five.” Section 45(b)(7)(A) provides that with respect to any qualified facility, the taxpayer shall ensure that any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in – (i) the construction of such facility, and (ii) with respect to any taxable year, for any portion of such taxable year that is within the 10-year period beginning on the date the qualified facility is originally placed in service, the alteration or repair of such facility, shall be paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which such facility is located as most recently determined by the Secretary of Labor, in accordance with subchapter IV of chapter 31 of title 40, United States Code.

3. Correction and Penalty Related to Failure to Satisfy Prevailing Wage Requirements

Under section 45(b)(7)(B), a taxpayer who is not eligible for the One Megawatt Exception or the BOC Exception and fails to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45(b)(7)(A) is “deemed” to have satisfied those requirements if, for “any laborer or mechanic who was paid wages at a rate below the [required prevailing rate] for any period” during any year of the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, the taxpayer makes a correction payment to the laborer or mechanic and pays a penalty to the Secretary of the Treasury or her delegate (Secretary). Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(I), the amount of the correction payment is the sum of (i) the difference between the amount of wages paid to the laborer or mechanic during the period and the amount of wages required to be paid to the laborer or mechanic during that period in order to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements; and (ii) interest on the amount under (i) at the underpayment rate established under section 6621 (determined by substituting “6 percentage points” for “3 percentage points” in section 6621(a)(2)) for the applicable period.

Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(II), the amount of the penalty is “$5,000 multiplied by the total number of laborers and mechanics who were paid wages at a rate below the [prevailing wage] rate described in [section 45(b)(7)(A)] for any period” during the year. Deficiency procedures do not apply “with respect to the assessment or collection” of this penalty pursuant to section 45(b)(7)(B)(ii).

Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(iii), if the Secretary determines that the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements is due to “intentional disregard” of those requirements, then the correction payment to the laborer or mechanic is three times the amount that would otherwise be determined under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(I), and $10,000 is substituted for $5,000 in calculating the penalty under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(II).

Section 45(b)(7)(B)(iv) provides that, “pursuant to rules issued by the Secretary, in the case of a final determination by the Secretary with respect to any failure . . . to satisfy [the Prevailing Wage Requirements],” the correction and penalty provisions do not apply, “unless the payments . . . are made by the taxpayer on or before the date which is 180 days after the date of such determination.”

4. Apprenticeship Requirements

Under section 45(b)(8), in order to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements, certain requirements with respect to labor hours, apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios, and participation by apprentices must be satisfied.³

a. Labor Hours Requirement

Section 45(b)(8)(A)(i) provides that “[t]axpayers shall ensure that, with respect to construction of any qualified facility, not less than the applicable percentage of the total labor hours of the construction, alteration, or repair work (including such work performed by any contractor or subcontractor) with respect to such facility shall, subject to [section 45(b)(8)(B)] be performed by qualified apprentices” (Labor Hours Requirement).

For purposes of the Labor Hours Requirement, section 45(b)(8)(A)(ii) provides that the applicable percentage is: (i) in the case of a qualified facility the construction of which begins before January 1, 2023, 10 percent, (ii) in the case of a qualified facility the construction of which begins after December 31, 2022, and before January 1, 2024, 12.5 percent, and (iii) in the case of a qualified facility the construction of which begins after December 31, 2023, 15 percent.

Section 45(b)(8)(E)(i) defines “labor hours” as the “total number of hours devoted to the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work by any individual employed by the taxpayer or by any contractor or subcontractor, and exclud[ing] any hours worked by foremen, superintendents, owners, or persons employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity (within the meaning of those terms in part 541 of title 29, Code of Federal Regulations).” Section 45(b)(8)(E)(ii) defines “qualified apprentice” as “an individual who is employed by the taxpayer or by any contractor or subcontractor and who is participating in a registered apprenticeship program, as defined in section 3131(e)(3)(B).” Section 3131(e)(3)(B) defines a registered apprenticeship program as an apprenticeship program registered under the Act of August 16, 1937 (commonly known as the National Apprenticeship Act, 50 Stat. 664, chapter 663, 29 U.S.C. 50 et seq.) that meets the standards of subpart A of part 29 and part 30 of title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations.⁴

b. Ratio Requirement

Under section 45(b)(8)(B), the Labor Hours Requirement is subject to any applicable requirements for apprentice-to-journeyworker ratios of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) or the applicable State apprenticeship agency (Ratio Requirement).

c. Participation Requirement

Under section 45(b)(8)(C), each taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who employs four or more individuals to perform construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to the construction of a qualified facility must employ one or more qualified apprentices to perform such work (Participation Requirement).

5. Exceptions to Apprenticeship Requirements

a. In general

Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(i), a taxpayer is not treated as failing to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements in section 45(b)(8) if: (i) the taxpayer satisfies the requirements described in section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii) (Good Faith Effort Exception), or (ii) in the case of any failure by the taxpayer to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement under section 45(b)(8)(A) and the Participation Requirement under section 45(b)(8)(C), the taxpayer makes a penalty payment to the Secretary (Apprenticeship Cure Provision).

b. Good Faith Effort Exception

Under the Good Faith Effort Exception provided by section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii), a taxpayer is deemed to have satisfied the Apprenticeship Requirements with respect to a qualified facility if the taxpayer has requested qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program, as defined in section 3131(e)(3)(B), and: (i) such request has been denied, provided that such denial is not the result of a refusal by the taxpayer or any contractors or subcontractors engaged in the performance of construction, alteration, or repair work with respect to such qualified facility to comply with the established standards and requirements of the registered apprenticeship program, or (ii) the registered apprenticeship program fails to respond to such request within five business days after the date on which such registered apprenticeship program received such request.

c. Apprenticeship Cure Provision

Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(i)(II), if the Good Faith Effort Exception does not apply, then the taxpayer will not be treated as failing to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement or the Participation Requirement if the taxpayer makes a penalty payment to the Secretary in an amount equal to the product of $50 multiplied by the total labor hours for which the Labor Hours Requirement or the Participation Requirement was not satisfied with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair work on the qualified facility. Under section 45(b)(8)(D)(iii), if the Secretary determines that the failure was due to intentional disregard of the Labor Hours Requirement or Participation Requirement, then the penalty amount increases to $500 multiplied by the total labor hours for which the requirement was not satisfied.

C. One Megawatt Exception

Under the One Megawatt Exception in section 45(b)(6)(B)(i), a qualified facility that has a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current) is eligible for the increased credit amount. A qualified facility’s nameplate capacity determines whether the facility meets the One Megawatt Exception. Similar exceptions apply for a qualified facility under sections 45Y(a)(2)(B)(i) and 48E(a)(2)(A)(ii)(I) with a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current); a qualified project under section 48(a)(9)(B)(i) with a maximum net output of less than one megawatt of electrical (as measured in alternating current) or thermal energy; and energy storage technology under section 48E(a)(2)(B)(ii)(I) with a capacity of less than one megawatt.

D. Beginning of Construction Exception

Under the BOC Exception in section 45(b)(6)(B)(ii), a qualified facility the construction of which began prior to the date that is 60 days after the Secretary publishes guidance with respect to the requirements of section 45(b)(7)(A) and (8) is eligible for the increased credit amount in section 45(b)(6). On November 30, 2022, the IRS and the Treasury Department published Notice 2022-61, providing guidance with respect to the PWA requirements in section 45(b)(7)(A) and (8), including initial guidance for determining the beginning of construction for section 45 and other credits and the beginning of installation under section 179D. Therefore, if a taxpayer began construction or installation of a facility⁵ before January 29, 2023, then the taxpayer is eligible for the increased credit amount without satisfying the PWA requirements, provided the taxpayer is otherwise eligible for the credit. Similar exceptions apply under sections 30C, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 48, 48E, and 179D.

For purposes of determining when construction or installation begins, Notice 2022-61 incorporates by reference the notices issued under sections 45, 45Q, and 48 (collectively, IRS Notices).⁶ The IRS Notices describe two methods of establishing that construction of a facility has begun: (i) starting physical work of a significant nature (Physical Work Test), and (ii) paying or incurring five percent or more of the total cost of the facility (Five Percent Safe Harbor).

The IRS Notices, as clarified and modified by Notice 2021-41, 2021-29 I.R.B. 17, provide that for purposes of the Physical Work Test and Five Percent Safe Harbor, taxpayers must demonstrate either continuous construction or continuous efforts (Continuity Requirement) regardless of whether the Physical Work Test or the Five Percent Safe Harbor was used to establish the beginning of construction. Whether a taxpayer meets the Continuity Requirement under either test is determined by the relevant facts and circumstances.

The IRS Notices, as subsequently clarified and modified, also provide for a “Continuity Safe Harbor” under which a taxpayer will be deemed to satisfy the Continuity Requirement provided a qualified facility is placed in service no more than four calendar years after the calendar year during which construction of the qualified facility began for purposes of sections 45 and 48, and no more than six calendar years after the calendar year during which construction of the qualified facility or carbon capture equipment began for purposes of section 45Q. For purposes of the Continuity Safe Harbor, certain offshore projects and projects built on Federal land under sections 45 and 48 satisfy the Continuity Requirement if such a project is placed into service no more than 10 calendar years after the calendar year during which construction of the project began.

Until the Treasury Department and the IRS issue further guidance on determining when construction or installation begins, taxpayers may continue to rely on the guidance provided in Notice 2022-61 and the IRS Notices. Specifically, to determine when construction begins for purposes of sections 30C, 45V, 45Y, and 48E, principles similar to those under Notice 2013-29 regarding the Physical Work Test and Five Percent Safe Harbor apply, and taxpayers satisfying either test will be considered to have begun construction. In addition, principles similar to those provided in the IRS Notices regarding the Continuity Requirement for purposes of sections 30C, 45V, 45Y, and 48E apply. Whether a taxpayer meets the Continuity Requirement under either test is determined by the relevant facts and circumstances. Similar principles to those under section 3 of Notice 2016-31 regarding the Continuity Safe Harbor also apply for purposes of sections 30C, 45V, 45Y, and 48E. Taxpayers may rely on the Continuity Safe Harbor with respect to those sections, provided the facility is placed in service no more than four calendar years after the calendar year during which construction began.

For purposes of section 179D, installation of energy efficient commercial building property has begun if a taxpayer generally satisfies principles similar to the two tests described in section 2.02 of Notice 2022-61 regarding the beginning of construction under Notice 2013-29 (Physical Work Test and Five Percent Safe Harbor). The relevant facts and circumstances will ultimately determine whether a taxpayer has begun installation.

For purposes of sections 45, 45Q, and 48, the IRS Notices will continue to apply under each respective Code section, including application of the Physical Work Test and Five Percent Safe Harbor, and the rules regarding the Continuity Requirement and Continuity Safe Harbors.

The Davis-Bacon Act (40 U.S.C. 3141 et seq.) (DBA), enacted in 1931, requires the payment of minimum prevailing wages determined by the DOL to laborers and mechanics working on contracts entered into by Federal agencies and the District of Columbia that are in excess of $2,000 and are for the construction, alteration, or repair of public buildings and public works. The Copeland Act, Public Law 73-324 (40 U.S.C. 3145), was enacted in 1934 to add a requirement that contractors working on contracts covered by the DBA submit weekly certified payroll records to the contracting agency for work performed on the contract. Congress has included DBA requirements in other laws, often referred to as the Davis-Bacon Related Acts (Related Acts), under which Federal agencies provide assistance for construction projects through grants, loans, insurance, and other methods.

The Wage and Hour Division of the DOL is responsible for administering the DBA and has adopted regulations for the determination of prevailing wages as well as compliance with and enforcement of DBA labor standards requirements under 29 CFR parts 1, 3, and 5.

Section 3142 of the DBA requires that Federal agencies entering into contracts covered by the DBA include the requirements of the DBA in the contract, including the requirement to incorporate the applicable wage determinations that set forth the prevailing wages to be paid to laborers and mechanics performing work, and the Copeland Act, 40 U.S.C. 3145, sets forth the requirement to submit certified weekly payroll records to the contracting Federal agency. Under regulations implementing the DBA (29 CFR parts 1 and 5), the contracting agency and the Wage and Hour Division have responsibility to ensure compliance with prevailing wage requirements by engaging in periodic audits or investigations of contracts, including examination of payroll data.

The Wage and Hour Division determines the wage rates that are “prevailing” for purposes of section 3142(b) of the DBA for each classification of covered laborers and mechanics on similar projects in the geographic area in which work is to be performed. A prevailing wage is the combination of the basic hourly rate and any fringe benefit rate listed on the wage determination. The Wage and Hour Division generally makes its determinations of the prevailing rates based on survey information provided by contractors and other interested parties. The prevailing wage determinations made by the Wage and Hour Division are published on the DOL-approved website for wage determinations (currently https://www.sam.gov).

Under the DBA, contracting agencies follow specified procedures for incorporating wage determinations into covered contracts. The applicable prevailing wage determination generally applies for the duration of the contract.

In accordance with the DBA, certain apprentices may be paid wages at a lower wage rate than journeyworker laborers and mechanics. Under 29 CFR 5.5(a)(4), an apprentice from a registered apprentice program may be paid at not less than the rate specified in the registered program for the apprentice’s level of progress in the apprenticeship program, expressed as a percentage of the journeyworker hourly rate specified in the applicable wage determination. Apprentices may also be paid bona fide fringe benefits in accordance with the provisions of the registered apprenticeship program, but if the registered apprenticeship program does not specify bona fide fringe benefits, apprentices must be paid the full amount of bona fide fringe benefits listed on the wage determination for the applicable classification.

Sections 3143 and 3144 of the DBA also provide for certain enforcement authority and remedies to ensure compliance with payment of prevailing wage rates. When a contracting agency or the Wage and Hour Division finds there has been an underpayment of wages, the contracting agency and the Wage and Hour Division can seek to recover the underpayments from the contractor responsible, including but not limited to the prime contractor. If the underpayment of wages to laborers and mechanics is not promptly remedied, then the contracting agency may withhold payments that are otherwise due under the contract or under another contract with the same prime contractor in order to compensate the laborers and mechanics for the underpayments. Contractors who have been found to have disregarded their obligations to employees and subcontractors, including by violating prevailing wage requirements, may also be subject to debarment from future Federal contracts under 40 U.S.C. 3144(b) and 29 CFR 5.12.

A. Incorporation of certain DBA guidance

Under section 45(b)(7)(A), the increased credit is available with respect to a qualified facility if a taxpayer ensures that laborers and mechanics are “paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates. . . in accordance with [the DBA].” The phrase “in accordance with” means “in agreement or harmony with; in conformity to; according to.”⁷ In interpreting the “in accordance with” language, the Treasury Department and the IRS propose to incorporate in these regulations certain requirements of the DBA that are relevant for the purposes of section 45(b)(7)(A) and the intent of the IRA, and that are necessary for, and consistent with, sound tax administration.

Under the DBA, a contractor must agree to pay prevailing wages at the commencement of the project as a condition of a Federal contract award. Conversely, under section 45, the requirements related to payment of prevailing wages are generally triggered at the beginning of construction and continue during the entire course of a project, but the requirement becomes binding only when a tax return claiming the increased credit is filed. The Code does not require taxpayers who do not seek an increased credit under section 45(b)(6) to pay prevailing wages in the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility.

The proposed regulations seek to strike the appropriate balance in determining when DBA requirements are relevant for purposes of the PWA requirements and when they are not. The proposed regulations would incorporate DBA statutory and regulatory guidance that is relevant for purposes of claiming the increased tax credit and consistent with sound tax administration. For example, the proposed regulations would largely adopt DBA guidance relating to wage determinations and the meaning of pertinent terms such as “laborer” and “mechanic”; “construction, alteration, or repair”; “wages”; and “employed”. The proposed regulations would not adopt DBA guidance if the result of doing so would not be in furtherance of sound tax administration or the aims of the IRA. For example, the proposed regulations would not incorporate the rules under the DBA regarding provisions required to be included in contracts, those provisions related to the reporting of certified payroll records by contractors to contracting agencies, and the various enforcement processes that are available to the DOL and the contracting agencies to address noncompliance. Additionally, the DBA’s $2,000 monetary coverage threshold has not been incorporated.⁸

The statutory language of the IRA does not reflect any intent to include exceptions from the PWA requirements, other than the One Megawatt Exception and the BOC Exception. Consequently, the Treasury Department and the IRS have not proposed a rule exempting Tribal governments or the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) from the PWA requirements in section 45. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on the need for any exceptions, including for Tribal governments or the TVA, from the PWA requirements in addition to those expressly described in the statute. Such comments should detail the specific circumstances requiring the proposed exception as well as how its design would limit its application only to those circumstances.

In addition, the Treasury Department and the IRS will hold Tribal consultation specifically to address the prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements in these proposed regulations, which will inform the development of the final regulations. See part VI. of the Special Analyses section.

B. Applicability of PWA requirements to the taxpayer

The proposed regulations would provide that in order to earn the increased credit under section 45(b)(6) by satisfying the PWA requirements, the taxpayer would be solely responsible for: (i) ensuring that the relevant laborers and mechanics are paid wages not less than the prevailing rate whether employed directly by the taxpayer, or by a contractor, or a subcontractor, and (ii) ensuring that the Apprenticeship Requirements are satisfied. The proposed regulations would also provide that the taxpayer would be solely responsible for the PWA recordkeeping requirements, the correction and penalty provisions under the Prevailing Wage Requirements, and the Good Faith Effort Exception and penalty provisions under the Apprenticeship Requirements. However, nothing in these proposed regulations is intended to supersede requirements that might otherwise apply to a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor by State or Federal law.

Generally, the proposed regulations would define the term “taxpayer” to mean any taxpayer as defined in section 7701(a)(14), including applicable entities described in section 6417(d)(1)(A). This will generally be the entity that claims the credit (as increased under section 45(b)(6)), or makes an election under section 6417 with respect to such credit amount on a Federal income tax return. The section 45 credit, including the increased credit amount available under section 45(b)(6), is an eligible credit subject to the newly enacted section 6418. Section 6418 allows “eligible taxpayers” to elect to transfer certain credits to unrelated taxpayers rather than using the credits against their Federal income tax liabilities. In the case of credits transferred under section 6418, these proposed regulations would provide that the term “taxpayer” also means the eligible taxpayer that determines the eligible credit to be transferred and makes a transfer election under section 6418 to transfer any specified credit portion (including 100 percent) of an eligible credit determined with respect to any eligible credit property of such eligible taxpayer for any taxable year.

Section 6418(a) provides that, in the case of an eligible taxpayer that elects to transfer all (or any specified portion) of an eligible credit determined with respect to the taxpayer for any taxable year to an unrelated transferee taxpayer, the transferee taxpayer specified in such election (and not the eligible taxpayer) is treated as the taxpayer with respect to such credit (or such portion thereof).

The Treasury Department and the IRS published proposed regulations in the Federal Register (88 FR 40496 (June 21, 2023)) that would implement the statutory provisions of section 6418 (6418 Proposed Regulations). As explained in the 6418 Proposed Regulations, the Treasury Department and the IRS view inclusion of the word “determined” as instructive. Only credits determined with respect to an eligible taxpayer can be transferred by the eligible taxpayer. The 6418 Proposed Regulations would provide that Code sections relating to the determination of an eligible credit, such as sections 49 and 50(b), generally impact the amount of an eligible credit that an eligible taxpayer can transfer. A transferee taxpayer is generally not subject to those Code sections, but a transferee taxpayer is subject to Code sections that would limit the amount of an eligible credit that is allowed, such as sections 38(c) and 469. In making a transfer election, the 6418 Proposed Regulations also would require an eligible taxpayer to report the determined credit as part of the taxpayer’s return, including filing properly completed credit source forms, a properly completed Form 3800, General Business Credit, and a schedule showing the amount of eligible credit transferred for each eligible credit property.

The 6418 Proposed Regulations also would apply with respect to the entire credit determined under section 45, where the amount of credit determined would include increased credit amounts available under section 45(b)(6). As the rules for determining an eligible credit apply to the eligible taxpayer and not the transferee taxpayer under section 6418, these proposed regulations would provide consistency with respect to the rules relating to the determination of the section 45 credit. Thus, while a transferee taxpayer would claim a transferred eligible credit (or portion thereof) on a tax return, the requirements of section 45 relevant to determining the credit, including the correction and penalty provisions described in section 45(b)(7)(B) and 45(b)(8)(D), would remain with the eligible taxpayer who determined the credit. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on the application of the PWA penalty and cure provisions, including to transferees and eligible taxpayers, in the context of transferred credits.

A. In general

Section 45(b)(7)(A) requires that taxpayers who are seeking an increased credit ensure that laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer, or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility are paid wages at rates that are not less than the prevailing rates determined by the DOL in accordance with the DBA.⁹ The proposed regulations would provide that a taxpayer would satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility by ensuring that all laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer, or any contractor or subcontractor, in the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility are paid wages at rates that are not less than the prevailing rates determined by the DOL in accordance with the DBA.

The proposed regulations would largely incorporate the definitions of contractor and subcontractor from the DBA and would provide that: (i) a contractor would be any person that enters into a contract with the taxpayer for the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility, and (ii) a subcontractor would be any contractor that agrees to perform or be responsible for the performance of any part of a contract entered into with the taxpayer (or contractor) with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility.

Consistent with the DBA and 29 CFR 5.2, and solely for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements, the proposed regulations would provide that a laborer or mechanic would be considered employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor if the individual performs the duties of a laborer or mechanic for the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor (as applicable), regardless of whether the individual would be characterized as an employee or an independent contractor for other Federal tax purposes. The definition of employed for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements would generally be different and broader than the definition used elsewhere in the Code, for example with respect to employment taxes, as well as the associated reporting and withholding obligations. Laborers and mechanics who are independent contractors for employment tax purposes may be considered employed for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Whether an individual is considered employed for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements and these proposed regulations is not relevant when determining whether an individual is an employee or an independent contractor for other Federal tax purposes.

B. Determining the prevailing wage rate

1. In General

Under the proposed regulations, prevailing wage rates would be determined by the DOL in accordance with the DBA when they are issued and published by the DOL as a general wage determination or when issued to a taxpayer as part of a supplemental wage determination or pursuant to a request for a wage rate for an additional classification. The proposed regulations would require taxpayers to use the general wage determination in effect when the construction of the facility begins but would not require taxpayers to update the applicable prevailing wage rates during construction of the facility in the event a new general wage determination is published by the DOL after construction of the facility begins. However, a new general wage determination would be required to be used when a contract is changed to include additional, substantial construction, alteration, or repair work not within the scope of work of the original contract, or to require work to be performed for an additional time period not originally obligated, including where an option to extend the term of a contract for the construction, alteration, or repair is exercised. This is consistent with DOL guidance under the DBA, which generally requires the contracting agency to incorporate the applicable wage determinations as part of the contract that is awarded to the contractor with the applicable rates valid through the duration of the contract. The proposed regulations also would provide that taxpayers would need to update the applicable wage rate(s), as necessary, with respect to any alteration or repair of a facility that begins after the facility has been placed in service. Taxpayers would do this by ensuring that wages are paid for such alteration or repair based on the general wage determination in effect when the alteration or repair begins.

2. General Wage Determinations

The proposed regulations would provide that a general wage determination would be one issued and published by the DOL that includes a list of wage and bona fide fringe benefit rates determined to be prevailing for laborers and mechanics for the various classifications of work performed with respect to a specified type of construction in a geographic area. Generally, the DOL determines the prevailing rate based on wage rate data submitted by contractors, contractors’ associations, labor organizations, public officials, and other interested parties. In general, the proposed regulations would provide that taxpayers would need to use the general wage determination(s) published by the DOL under the DBA on a DOL approved website, to determine the applicable prevailing wage rates. The current approved website for publishing general wage determinations is https://www.sam.gov.

The proposed regulations would largely incorporate the definition of wages from 29 CFR 5.2 for the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Under 29 CFR 5.2, wages are defined as the basic hourly rate of pay; any contribution irrevocably made by a contractor or subcontractor to a trustee or to a third person pursuant to a bona fide fringe benefit fund, plan, or program; and the rate of costs to the contractor or subcontractor that may be reasonably anticipated in providing bona fide fringe benefits to laborers and mechanics pursuant to an enforceable commitment to carry out a financially responsible plan or program, which was communicated in writing to the laborers and mechanics affected. Whether amounts are wages for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements is not relevant in determining whether amounts are wages or compensation for other Federal tax purposes.

3. Supplemental Wage Determinations and Rates for Additional Classifications

The proposed regulations would provide special procedures for the limited circumstances in which a general wage determination does not provide an applicable wage rate(s) for the work to be performed on the facility. These circumstances include when no general wage determination has been issued for the geographic area or for the specified type of construction, or when the Secretary of Labor has issued a general wage determination for the relevant geographic area and type of construction, but one or more labor classifications necessary for the construction, alteration, or repair work that will be done on the facility by laborers or mechanics is not listed as part of that determination. The proposed regulations would provide that under these circumstances, a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor would need to request a supplemental wage determination or request a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification from the DOL. A taxpayer satisfies section 45(b)(7)(A) by ensuring that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at rates not less than the rates determined by the DOL pursuant to a request for a supplemental wage determination or pursuant to a request for a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification.

The DOL has advised the Treasury Department and the IRS that most taxpayers will likely not need to use the process for requesting a supplemental wage determination or request a rate for an additional classification because of the availability of general wage determinations. The request for a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification would only be appropriate when the work to be performed by the classification is not performed by a classification in the applicable general wage determination and the classification is used in the area by the construction industry. In addition, a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification would only be approved when the proposed wage rate, including any bona fide fringe benefits, bears a reasonable relationship to the wage rates contained in the general wage determination. A request for a prevailing wage rate for additional classification would not be permitted to be used to split, subdivide, or otherwise avoid application of classifications listed in a general wage determination. Under the proposed regulations, the procedures for requesting a supplemental wage determination or a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification from the DOL would correspond to the provisions of 29 CFR 1.5(b) and 5.5(a)(1)(iii).

The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that the construction of some facilities may span two or more adjacent geographic areas, and more than one general wage determination could apply to the facility. In such circumstances, a taxpayer would be able to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements by ensuring that laborers and mechanics are paid wages at the highest rate for each classification provided under the general wage determinations. A taxpayer would also be permitted to request a supplemental wage determination with respect to the facility and pay the rates determined by the DOL pursuant to the request.

The proposed regulations would also provide a special rule for qualified facilities located offshore so taxpayers would not need to request a supplemental wage determination for offshore facilities. In lieu of requesting a supplemental wage determination for a facility located in an offshore area within the outer continental shelf of the United States, a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor would be permitted to rely on the general wage determination for the relevant category of construction that is applicable in the geographic area closest to the area in which the qualified facility will be located.

The process for requesting a supplemental wage determination or a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification provided for in the proposed regulations would be consistent with the process described in Notice 2022-61 while addressing the different context of the PWA regime wherein taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors, rather than a contracting agency, will seek additional wage rates for purposes of complying with the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45. Under the DBA, the request for a project wage determination applicable under 29 CFR 1.5(b) or for a conformance under 29 CFR 5.5(a)(1)(iii) is made by the contracting agency rather than the contractor and will often occur after the contracting agency and the contractor have conferred about the need for the project wage determination or for the conformance of an additional classification. Because there is no contracting agency in the tax credit regime, the proposed regulations would set forth an analogous process for taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors to request a supplemental wage determination, or a request for a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification, by submitting the request and supporting material directly to the Wage and Hour Division of the DOL.

The proposed regulations would provide that the request for a supplemental wage determination or a request for a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification would need to include information consistent with the information that is required to be provided by a contracting agency when requesting a project wage determination or a conformance for purposes of the DBA. This information would include a description of the type of work to be performed, the geographic area where the facility is located, the start date for the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, the labor classification(s) needed for performance of the work on the facility for which wage rates are not available on an applicable general wage determination, pertinent wage payment information that may be available with respect to the classifications, and any information the taxpayer wants the DOL to consider for determining the applicable classifications and prevailing wage rates. After review, the Wage and Hour Division will notify the taxpayer as to the labor classifications and wage rates to be used for the type of work in question in the geographic area in which the facility is located.

The proposed regulations would adopt, by cross reference, the review and appeal procedures available to any interested party under the DBA with respect to wage determinations generally. Any interested party would be able to seek reconsideration and review of a supplemental wage determination, or a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification, by the DOL Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division and appeal any decision of the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division to the DOL Administrative Review Board.

In general, the Treasury Department and the IRS expect that supplemental wage determinations and requests for prevailing wage rates for an additional classification will be requested no more than 90 days prior to the beginning of the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, as applicable. However, the Treasury Department and the IRS recognize that taxpayers may not reasonably determine until after construction, alteration, or repair begins that a supplemental wage determination or request for a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification is necessary. In these instances, the Treasury Department and the IRS would expect taxpayers, contractors, or subcontractors to make a request as soon as practicable after determining the need for a supplemental wage determination or prevailing wage rate for additional classifications. The proposed regulations would provide that when a supplemental wage determination or a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification is issued by the DOL after construction, alteration, or repair of the facility has begun, the applicable prevailing rates would apply retroactively to the date that the applicable construction, alteration, or repair work that is the subject of the request began. The taxpayer would be required to ensure that wages (including bona fide fringe benefits where appropriate) are paid at appropriate prevailing wage rates to all laborers and mechanics performing work on the project from the first day on which work is performed in the classification. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on the proposed procedures for requesting supplemental wage determinations and prevailing wage rates for additional classifications.

C. Paying wages in accordance with an applicable wage determination

1. In General

Under the proposed regulations, the applicable wage determination for a type of construction in a geographic area would provide the prevailing wage rates that apply to laborers or mechanics for the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility in that geographic area. The proposed regulations would provide that for purposes of satisfying the Prevailing Wage Requirements, all laborers and mechanics would need to be paid in the time and manner consistent with the regular payroll practices of the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, as applicable. For purposes of satisfying section 45(b)(7)(A), the proposed regulations would provide that a taxpayer would need to ensure that the wages paid to laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor on the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility must be “not less than the prevailing rates. . . in the locality in which such facility is located.” The proposed regulations would define the terms: (i) laborer and mechanic, (ii) types of construction, (iii) construction, alteration, or repair, and (iv) locality, generally consistent with the DBA definitions.

The proposed regulations would define the terms “laborer” and “mechanic” as those individuals whose duties are manual or physical in nature. Laborers and mechanics would include apprentices and helpers. Working forepersons who devote more than 20 percent of their time during a workweek to laborer or mechanic duties and who do not meet the criteria for exemption under 29 CFR part 541 would also be considered laborers and mechanics for the time spent conducting laborer and mechanic duties. However, laborers and mechanics would not include individuals whose duties are primarily administrative, executive, or clerical, and persons employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity as those terms are defined in 29 CFR part 541. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on the treatment of working forepersons or owners performing the duties of laborers and mechanics under certain circumstances, and other executive or administrative personnel who also perform duties of a manual or physical nature, in the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility.

The proposed regulations would provide that the type of construction would be the general category of construction as established by the DOL for the publication of general wage determinations. Specific types of construction currently include building, residential, heavy, and highway. The Treasury Department and the IRS contemplate that the construction, alteration, or repair of most facilities eligible for the increased credit under section 45(b)(6) would be either building or heavy construction.

The proposed regulations would provide that the term construction, alteration, or repair would generally mean construction, prosecution, completion, or repair as provided under 29 CFR 5.2. Under this definition, construction, alteration, or repair would mean all types of work performed at the location of the facility and includes, but is not limited to: constructing, altering, remodeling, installing of items fabricated offsite; painting and decorating; and manufacturing or furnishing of materials, articles, and supplies or equipment at the location of the facility. Additionally, the proposed regulations would provide that construction, alteration, or repair would not include maintenance work that occurs after the facility is placed in service. Under the proposed regulations, maintenance would be work that is ordinary and regular in nature and designed to maintain existing functionality of a facility as opposed to an isolated or infrequent repair of a facility to restore specific functionality or adapt it for a different or improved use. Further, the proposed regulations would provide that this definition of construction, alteration, or repair would be solely for purposes of the PWA requirements and has no bearing on any other provision under the Code, including any determination of construction, alteration, repair, or maintenance under section 162 or 263.

The proposed regulations would provide that a locality or geographic area would be the county, independent city, or other civil subdivision of the State in which the facility or secondary site is located. Geographic area would also include offshore areas, including areas located within the outer continental shelf of the United States, and the U.S. territories. If construction, alteration, or repair is performed in multiple counties, independent cities, or other civil subdivisions, then the geographic area would also include all counties, independent cities, or other civil subdivisions in which the work will be performed.

Under section 45(b)(7)(A)(ii), the prevailing wage rates that are required to be paid with respect to such construction, alteration, or repair are determined by reference to “the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which such facility is located.” The proposed regulations would also use the DBA’s “site of the work” definition to clarify the scope of the requirement under section 45(b)(7)(A) to pay prevailing wage rates. Under the DBA, the requirement to pay prevailing wages is limited by statute to laborers and mechanics “employed directly on the site of the work.” 40 U.S.C. 3142. By comparison, section 45(b)(7)(A)(i) and (ii) requires the payment of prevailing wages generally in the “construction of [a qualified] facility” and the “alteration or repair of such facility.” Over the years, the DOL has updated its rules to address developments in the construction industry that have enabled contractors to build large portions of a building or project on one or more secondary sites away from the primary site of the work. The DBA rules now provide that a secondary construction site is considered part of the site of the work, if a significant portion of a building or work is constructed at the secondary site for specific use in the designated building or work and the site either was established specifically for the performance of the covered contract or project or dedicated exclusively, or nearly so, to the covered contract or project. 29 CFR 5.2.

The Treasury Department and the IRS view the DBA’s site of the work requirement to be helpful for purposes of interpreting the language in section 45(b)(7)(A) that the applicable prevailing wage rates for the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility are rates not less than those prevailing “in the locality in which such facility is located.” As with certain construction subject to the DBA, the Treasury Department and the IRS expect that taxpayers similarly may use multiple construction sites in the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility and in certain cases prefabricate large portions of the facility offsite for later installation at the facility’s location. Some of these secondary sites will be dedicated solely to the construction of a facility while others may service multiple clients and facilities. While the language of section 45(b)(7)(A) could be interpreted to support an expansive reading of construction such that all construction of a facility, wherever located and however small, is subject to the Prevailing Wage Requirements, such a reading would result in significantly broader coverage than under the DBA and likely would entail substantial compliance costs and discourage taxpayers from seeking the increased credits or deduction available under the IRA. Thus, the Treasury Department and the IRS understand the DBA approach to “site of the work” to strike an appropriate balance between the requirements of section 45(b)(7)(A) and existing construction practices and thus propose to largely adopt the DBA approach for purposes of defining the scope of the Prevailing Wage Requirements.

Therefore, under the proposed regulations, taxpayers would be subject to the requirement to ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid not less than prevailing wage rates with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair at the locality in which the facility is located, which would be defined to include any secondary sites where a significant portion of the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility occurs, provided that the secondary site either was established specifically for, or dedicated exclusively for a specific period of time to, the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility.

Under 29 CFR 1.6(b)(1), the prevailing wage rate that applies to laborers or mechanics engaged in the construction, alteration, or repair work at a secondary site is determined by the geographic area of the secondary site. The proposed regulations would similarly provide that when a secondary site is established specifically for, or dedicated exclusively for a specific period of time to, the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility, the prevailing wage rate applicable to laborers and mechanics engaged in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility at the secondary site would be determined by the applicable wage rate for that laborer or mechanic classification based on the geographic area of the secondary site.

2. Wages for Apprentices

Section 45(b)(8)(E)(ii) provides generally that a qualified apprentice is an individual who is employed by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor and who is participating in a registered apprenticeship program, as defined in section 3131(e)(3)(B). For purposes of the DBA, an apprentice may also include an individual in the first 90 days of probationary employment as an apprentice in a registered apprenticeship program, who is not individually registered in the program, but who has been certified by the DOL’s Office of Apprenticeship or a State apprenticeship agency (where appropriate) to be eligible for probationary employment as an apprentice.

A registered apprenticeship program is a program that has been registered by the DOL’s Office of Apprenticeship or a recognized State apprenticeship agency, pursuant to the basic standards and requirements in 29 CFR parts 29 and 30. Program registration is evidenced by a Certificate of Registration or other written indicia of registration.

The proposed regulations would adopt 29 CFR 5.5(a)(4)(i) allowing the payment of wages that differ from the applicable prevailing wage rate to apprentices who are participating in a registered apprenticeship program. The proposed regulations would also provide that the calculation of the apprentice wage rate would be in accordance with 29 CFR 5.5(a)(4)(i).

For purposes of determining whether apprentices may be paid the apprentice wage rate rather than the full prevailing wage for other laborers and mechanics of the same classification, the proposed regulations would provide the apprentice must be participating in a registered apprentice program as demonstrated by a written apprenticeship agreement with the registered apprenticeship program containing the terms and conditions of the employment and training of the apprentice. The terms and conditions of the agreement would be required to comply with 29 CFR 29.7. The registered apprenticeship program would be required to be registered with the DOL or a recognized State apprenticeship agency in accordance with 29 CFR parts 29 and 30. If the apprentice is working in a classification that is not in an occupation that is part of the registered apprenticeship program, to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements, the apprentice would need to be paid the full prevailing wage for laborers or mechanics for that classification in that location.

The proposed regulations would provide that taxpayers and contractors or subcontractors who employ apprentices who are not in a registered apprenticeship program or who employ apprentices in excess of applicable ratios permitted by the registered apprenticeship program would need to pay those apprentices the full prevailing wage rate listed for the classification of the work performed in the applicable wage determination.

D. Correction and penalty provisions

1. General Rule

Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(i) and the proposed regulations, taxpayers would cure a failure to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements by making the correction and penalty payments described in Section III.B.3. Section 45(b)(7)(B)(i) provides that “[i]n the case of any taxpayer which fails to satisfy the requirement under subparagraph (A)... such taxpayer shall be deemed to have satisfied such requirement under such subparagraph with respect to such facility for any year if, with respect to any laborer or mechanic who was paid wages at a rate below the [prevailing rate] for any period during such year,” the taxpayer makes the applicable correction payments and pays the penalty. The phrase “[i]n the case of any taxpayer which fails to satisfy the requirement under subparagraph (A)...for any period” suggests that a failure to pay prevailing wages immediately triggers the applicability of the correction and penalty provisions if the increased credit is claimed on a return after a facility is placed in service. The proposed regulations would require the payment of prevailing wages at the time work is performed with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility in order to claim the increased credit. The proposed regulations would also provide that the requirement becomes binding only when the increased credit is claimed on a return. This is consistent with tax administration regarding the underlying credit.

Thus, the correction and penalty payment requirements of section 45(b)(7)(B)(i) would become applicable to a taxpayer upon the occurrence of the taxpayer’s failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements of section 45(b)(7)(A), which occurs whenever wages are paid to a laborer or mechanic below the prevailing wage rates. That failures will occur, and the obligation to make correction and penalty payments will have arisen, during the course of the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility must be viewed in the context of taxpayers not needing to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements in the absence of an increased credit being claimed on a return. Thus, the proposed regulations would provide that the obligation to make correction payments and pay the penalty would not become binding until a return is filed claiming the increased credit, and the proposed regulations would not require payment of the correction payment or the penalty until the time the increased credit is claimed. The earliest time that a taxpayer can make a penalty payment to the IRS is at the time of filing a tax return claiming the increased credit. However, taxpayers would retain the option of making correction payments to laborers and mechanics at any time after the initial payments were made and in advance of the filing of a tax return claiming the increased credit in order to limit the amount of additional interest the taxpayer must pay at the elevated rates set forth in section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(I)(bb).

In general, taxpayers would be obligated to make any necessary correction payments to any laborer and mechanic on or before the date a return is filed claiming an increased credit amount. A taxpayer would also be obligated to make any penalty payments owed with respect to a failure to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements at the time a return is filed claiming the increased credit amount. Under the proposed regulations, whether taxpayers make the necessary correction payments and pay the penalty amounts promptly is one of the facts and circumstances that would be considered for purposes of the increased penalties for intentional disregard. The proposed regulations would also provide a deadline for a taxpayer’s ability to use the correction and penalty provisions to rectify a failure to comply with the Prevailing Wage Requirements when the IRS makes a final determination that a taxpayer has failed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Under section 45(b)(7)(B)(iv), once the IRS makes a final determination that a taxpayer has failed to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements, the taxpayer must make the correction and penalty payments within 180 days after the final determination to be eligible to for the increased credit. The proposed regulations would clarify that this final determination would come in the form of a notice sent by the IRS.

As provided in section 45(b)(7)(B)(ii), under the proposed regulations, deficiency procedures would not apply to any penalty payment required to be made in connection with a failure to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements. The proposed regulations would clarify that although deficiency procedures would not apply to the penalty payment, deficiency procedures would apply to any determination by the IRS disallowing a taxpayer’s claim for the increased credit.

2. Special Circumstances Involving Correction and Penalty Payments

Section 45(b)(7)(B)(i) states that a taxpayer will be deemed to satisfy the prevailing wage requirement “if, with respect to any laborer or mechanic who was paid wages at a rate below the rate described in such subparagraph for any period during such year, such taxpayer— makes payment to such laborer or mechanic...” in the amount of the correction payment and makes the required penalty payment to the IRS. The Treasury Department and the IRS are aware that the construction of a qualified facility may occur over the course of several years and some taxpayers who fail to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements may be unable to locate all laborers and mechanics to which the correction payment must be made. However, section 45(b)(7)(B)(i) does not excuse taxpayers from the requirement to make the correction payment, even if the taxpayer is unable to locate the laborer or mechanic. The proposed regulations would not provide for an exception to the statutory requirement.

The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that taxpayers will be able to establish correction payments even when a former laborer or mechanic cannot be located. In general, States have developed specific rules for the payment of wages to former laborers and mechanics who cannot be located. These rules can include diligence requirements to locate the laborer or mechanic, information reporting obligations to relevant State agencies on the amount of unclaimed wages, and requirements to remit any unclaimed wage amounts to State control as unclaimed property after defined holding periods. Taxpayers may also be able to establish that correction payments were made by demonstrating compliance with any withholding and information reporting requirements with respect to the payments. The Treasury Department and the IRS request public comments concerning appropriate rules for situations in which laborers and mechanics who are owed wages cannot be located and how taxpayers may establish that they have made the correction payment described in section 45(b)(7)(B)(i)(I).

The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that some taxpayers will have made requests to the DOL for a supplemental wage determination or a prevailing wage rate for an additional classification. It is possible that the DOL’s response to these requests will not be issued until after laborers and mechanics have started working on the facility. The laborers and mechanics who are the subject of the requests will have already been engaged in the construction, alteration, or repair, and may have already been paid wages below the rates later determined to be prevailing by the DOL. In this circumstance, the proposed regulations would provide that the taxpayer would not be considered to have failed to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to any mechanics or laborers whose wage rate was subject to the request and who were paid below the prevailing wage rate before the determination by the DOL if the taxpayer requests the supplemental wage determination or prevailing wage rate for an additional classification before the beginning of construction (or as soon as practicable after the start of construction) and makes a correction payment within 30 days of the determination to each laborer or mechanic equal to the difference between the amount of wages paid to such laborer or mechanic before the determination and the amount of wages required by the Prevailing Wage Requirements to be paid to such laborer or mechanic during such period. This exception is intended to mitigate a rule that would require taxpayers to make correction and penalty payments for failures to pay a prevailing wage rate that could not be timely determined by the taxpayer.

As previously described, for purposes of transfers pursuant to section 6418, the proposed regulations would clarify that the requirement to make correction and penalty payments would continue to apply to an eligible taxpayer who (i) transfers an increased credit amount under section 45(b)(6) as part of a specified credit portion and (ii) fails to meet the prevailing wage requirement of section 45(b)(7)(A) with respect to such increased credit amount. Additionally, the proposed regulations would provide that the obligation to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements would not become binding on an eligible taxpayer until the earlier of: (i) the filing of the eligible taxpayer’s return for the taxable year for which the specified credit portion is determined with respect to the eligible taxpayer, or (ii) the filing of the return of the transferee taxpayer for the year in which the specified credit portion is taken into account.

The proposed regulations would also provide that a taxpayer who determines the underlying credit amount would have no obligation to comply with the correction and penalty provisions if the IRS later determines that the taxpayer was not entitled to the increased credit amount. Additionally, if the taxpayer does not correct and, therefore, is not subsequently granted the increased credit amount, no penalty is assessed under section 45(b)(7)(B).

3. Intentional Disregard

Section 45(b)(7)(B)(iii) provides that if the failure to ensure that the laborers and mechanics are paid at the prevailing wage rate is found to be due to intentional disregard, then the amount of the correction payment is tripled and the amount of the penalty payment is doubled. The proposed regulations would provide that failures to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements would be due to intentional disregard if they are knowing or willful, which is a determination that must be made by considering all relevant facts and circumstances. The proposed regulations would provide a non-exhaustive list of facts that may be relevant to this determination.

The proposed regulations would explain that the facts and circumstances would include consideration of whether the failure was part of a pattern of conduct and whether the taxpayer has been required to pay the penalty in previous years. The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that failures that occur despite a taxpayer exercising reasonable diligence weigh against a finding of a knowing or willful failure. Under the proposed regulations, taxpayers would demonstrate reasonable diligence by taking appropriate steps to determine the applicable classifications and wage rates and by seeking to promptly correct any failures when discovered. Last, the proposed regulations would seek to draw from behavior that is generally required of contractors under the DBA and that the Treasury Department and the IRS believe would be best practices of taxpayers seeking to comply with the Prevailing Wage Requirements. These behaviors would include posting prevailing wage rates in a prominent place for the duration of the construction, alteration, or repair or otherwise notifying employees of the applicable prevailing wage rates; incorporating provisions in any contracts entered with contractors that require payment of prevailing wage rates by the contractors and any subcontractors; and undertaking quarterly, or more frequent, reviews of wages paid to laborers and mechanics to ensure that prevailing wages are being paid. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on additional criteria that might be used as part of a facts and circumstances analysis of intentional disregard in this context.

The proposed regulations would also provide that there would be a rebuttable presumption against a finding of intentional disregard if the taxpayer makes the correction and penalty payments before receiving a notice of an examination with respect to a return that claimed the underlying increased credit. The presumption of no intentional disregard would be intended to encourage taxpayers who discover a failure to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements after filing a return to use the correction and penalty provisions promptly.

The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on intentional disregard, including but not limited to additional criteria that might be used as part of a facts and circumstances analysis of intentional disregard and the applicability of a presumption against a finding of intentional disregard in certain situations.

4. Penalty Waiver

In general, the IRS may exercise its discretion to waive or decline to assert penalties in the interest of sound tax administration. The proposed regulations would use that discretion to provide limited penalty waivers for instances in which the failures to pay prevailing wages to laborers and mechanics for the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility were small in amount or occurred in a limited number of pay periods. The Treasury Department and the IRS would use the waiver authority in a manner that assists taxpayers seeking to be eligible for the increased credit while remaining consistent with the statutory requirement to ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid at prevailing wage rates.

The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that taxpayers intending to pay prevailing wage rates may make payroll errors. These errors are likely to range in scope and frequency. It is also possible that taxpayers may make classification errors with respect to work that is performed by certain laborers or mechanics. The proposed regulations would seek to account for these likelihoods while continuing to ensure that laborers and mechanics are paid according to the applicable prevailing wage rates.

The proposed regulations would provide that the penalty payment requirement would be waived with respect to the construction, alteration, or repair performed by a laborer or mechanic during a calendar year if (i) the taxpayer makes the required correction payment (back wages and interest) by the earlier of (a) 30 days after the taxpayer became aware of the error or (b) the date on which the tax return claiming the increased credit is filed; and (ii) either: (a) the laborer or mechanic is paid below the prevailing wage rate for not more than 10 percent of all pay periods of the calendar year (or part thereof) during which the laborer or mechanic worked on the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility; or (b) the difference between the amount the laborer or mechanic was paid for the calendar year (or part thereof) during which the laborer or mechanic worked on the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility and the amount required to be paid by the Prevailing Wage Requirements for the calendar year is not greater than 2.5 percent of the amount required under the Prevailing Wage Requirements. The proposed regulations would use calendar years to measure any failures because taxpayers, contractors, and subcontractors performing construction may have different taxable years and laborers and mechanics are generally paid on a calendar year basis. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on the proposed use of calendar years in place of taxable years for this purpose.

Pre-hire project labor agreements may be used to incentivize stronger labor standards and worker protections in the types of construction projects for which taxpayers may seek the increased credit, and having a project labor agreement in place may also help ensure compliance with PWA requirements. For these reasons, the proposed regulations would also provide that the penalty payment requirement would not apply with respect to a laborer or mechanic employed under a project labor agreement that meets certain requirements and any correction payment owed to the laborer or mechanic is paid on or before a return is filed claiming an increased credit amount. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on the proposed treatment of project labor agreements, other ways taxpayers might use project labor agreements to meet the PWA requirements, and the definition of a qualifying project labor agreement.

The proposed regulations would use the IRS’s general enforcement discretion to allow taxpayers to correct limited failures to pay prevailing wages if the taxpayers pay the mechanics and laborers back wages and interest in a timely manner before the increased credit is claimed. The proposed regulations would not provide for waiver of the penalty after a return has been filed claiming the increased credit. The proposed regulations would seek to create incentives for taxpayers to self-correct and promptly pay prevailing wages.

A. In general

To satisfy the requirements of section 45(b)(8), taxpayers must ensure that, with respect to the construction of any qualified facility, the Labor Hours Requirement, Ratio Requirement, and Participation Requirement are satisfied. The proposed regulations would clarify the interaction among these requirements. The proposed regulations would explain that the Labor Hours Requirement generally would be subject to the Ratio Requirement. The proposed regulations would further explain that the Participation Requirement would apply in addition to the Labor Hour Requirement and the Ratio Requirement. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of section 45(b)(8), a taxpayer generally would be subject to all three components of the Apprenticeship Requirements. If a taxpayer satisfies the applicable Labor Hours Requirement but fails the Participation Requirement, then the taxpayer would not be eligible for the increased credit unless the taxpayer complies with the penalty provisions of section 45(b)(8)(D) with respect to the total hours that are not met with respect to the Participation Requirement or meets the Good Faith Effort Exception.

1. Labor Hours Requirement

The proposed regulations would reiterate that under the Labor Hours Requirement, the taxpayer must ensure that the “applicable percentage” of the total labor hours are performed by qualified apprentices.

The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that certain jurisdictions and trades have developed pre-apprenticeship programs that are designed to help individuals prepare for and succeed in registered apprenticeship programs but that are not registered with the DOL under the Act of August 16, 1937 (commonly known as the “National Apprenticeship Act”; 50 Stat. 664, chapter 663; 29 U.S.C. 50 et seq.). Section 45(b)(8)(E)(ii) defines a qualified apprentice as an individual who is employed by the taxpayer or by any contractor or subcontractor and who is participating in a registered apprenticeship program, which is defined in section 3131(e)(3)(B) as apprenticeship programs that are registered under the National Apprenticeship Act. Thus, under the proposed regulations, pre-apprenticeship programs would not qualify as registered apprenticeship programs for purposes of section 45(b)(8) and hours worked as part of a pre-apprenticeship program would not count towards the Labor Hour Requirement.

2. Ratio Requirement

Under the Ratio Requirement, a taxpayer must ensure that any applicable apprenticeship-to-journeyworker ratio is satisfied. Section 45(b)(8)(B) provides that the applicable apprenticeship-to-journeyworker ratio is determined by reference to the ratios of the DOL or the applicable State apprenticeship agency. Under 29 CFR part 29, registered apprenticeship programs prescribe a numeric ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers in their standards of apprenticeship. This ratio is intended to ensure that there are enough journeyworkers to oversee the work of apprentices. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that the DOL and State apprenticeship agencies review and approve the prescribed ratio requirements.

As stated in Notice 2022-61, the applicable ratios set by registered apprenticeship programs generally apply on a daily basis. The proposed regulations reiterate this requirement and would provide that the applicable ratio established by the apprenticeship program would need to be satisfied each day during construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility for which apprentice labor hours are being claimed. This means that the number of apprentices would not be permitted to exceed the number set forth in the ratio because the ratio sets the minimum number of journeyworkers needed for each apprentice, to ensure adequate safety and supervision. For example, for a 1:1 apprentice to journeyworker ratio, having two apprentices and three journeyworkers on a given day would satisfy the ratio requirement whereas having three apprentices and two journeyworkers on a given day would not.

The proposed regulations would provide that if the Ratio Requirement is not met on any day, then registered apprentices in excess of the applicable ratio who perform work on a facility would be required to be paid the full prevailing wage rate for the hours worked for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirement. Additionally, the hours worked by the apprentices on a day where the applicable ratio was not satisfied would not be counted as apprentice hours for purposes of calculating the applicable percentage under the Labor Hours Requirement.

For purposes of the Ratio Requirement, the proposed regulations would adopt the DOL definition of journeyworker in 29 CFR 29.2, which defines a journeyworker as a laborer or mechanic who has attained a level of skill, abilities and competencies recognized within an industry as having mastered the skills and competencies required for the occupation. A mentor, technician, specialist, or other skilled individual who has documented sufficient skills and knowledge of an occupation, either through formal apprenticeship or through practical on-the-job experience and formal training may also be a journeyworker. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on the application of the Ratio Requirement for purposes of satisfying the Apprenticeship Requirement.

3. Participation Requirement

The Treasury Department and the IRS propose to interpret the Participation Requirement as designed to prevent taxpayers from satisfying the Labor Hours Requirement by only hiring apprentices to preform one type of work and instead encourages taxpayers to use apprentices across the full range of work performed with respect to the facility. The proposed regulations would clarify that the Participation Requirement would be satisfied as long as the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor employs one or more apprentices to perform work on the facility and would not be a daily requirement. The proposed regulations would also clarify that it would be the responsibility of the taxpayer to ensure that any contractor or subcontractor performing work on the facility with four or more employees who perform such work on the facility has hired one or more apprentices in accordance with the Participation Requirement of section 45(b)(8)(C). Taxpayers who fail to meet the Participation Requirement would be subject to the penalty provisions of section 45(b)(8)(D) even if the taxpayer otherwise satisfies the applicable Labor Hours Requirement unless the Good Faith Effort Exception applies.

B. Exceptions

1. In General

Section 45(b)(8)(D) and the proposed regulations would allow taxpayers who fail to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements to nonetheless qualify for the increased credit by curing their failures. To cure a failure to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements, taxpayers would be required to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception from the Apprenticeship Requirements or pay a penalty if they do not qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception.

2. Good Faith Effort Exception

Section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii) provides that taxpayers are deemed to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements if they have requested qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program and such request has been denied for reasons other than the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor’s refusal to comply with the program’s standards and requirements, or if the program fails to respond within five business days of receiving a request. Notice 2022-61 provided that taxpayers could satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception if the taxpayer requested qualified apprentices “in accordance with usual and customary business practices for registered apprenticeship programs in a particular industry.”

The Treasury Department and the IRS believe that additional guidance explaining the “usual and customary” standard would be useful. The proposed regulations would require the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor to make a written request to at least one registered apprenticeship program that has a geographic area of operation that includes the location of the facility, or that can reasonably be expected to provide apprentices to the location of the facility, trains apprentices in the occupation(s) needed by the taxpayer, contractors, or subcontractors performing construction, alteration, or repair with respect to the facility, and has a usual and customary business practice of entering into agreements with employers for the placement of apprentices in the occupation for which they are training, pursuant to its standards and requirements.

The Treasury Department and the IRS anticipate that a taxpayer may need to submit a request to more than one apprenticeship program in order to meet the Good Faith Effort Exception based on the size of the project, the number of contractors or subcontractors and the anticipated number of labor hours for which apprentices are needed. Although it may be possible for a taxpayer to meet all of its Labor Hours Requirement from one apprenticeship program, it is likely that given the multiple occupations involved in the construction, alteration, or repair of a qualified facility, the taxpayer would need to request apprentices from more than one apprenticeship program in order to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement and the Participation Requirement with respect to that facility. This is in part because a registered apprenticeship program typically trains apprentices in a single occupation, whereas more than one occupation may be needed to meet the Labor Hours Requirement and the Participation Requirement. A taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor would be expected to estimate the number of apprentices needed and the occupations for which they are needed, and to submit its request for apprentices accordingly.

The proposed regulations would require the written request to include information concerning the dates of employment, the occupation or classification needed, the location and type of work to be performed, the number of apprentices needed, the number of hours the apprentices will work, and the name and contact information of the person requesting the apprentices. The written request would also be required to include a statement that the request for apprentices is made with an intent to employ apprentices in the occupation for which they are being trained and in accordance with the requirements and standards of the registered apprenticeship program. The Good Faith Effort Exception’s requirement to request qualified apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program would necessitate that the taxpayer ascertain its workforce needs to determine how many qualified apprentices it needs to employ in order to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements, identify registered apprenticeship programs in the occupations needed by the taxpayer and its contractors and subcontractors, and demonstrate capacity to employ apprentices in the occupations for which apprentices are requested.

A denial of a request by a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor for a qualified apprentice would not automatically qualify the taxpayer for the Good Faith Effort Exception. The proposed regulations would require the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor to submit an additional request within 120 days of a previously denied request. The proposed regulations would also clarify that a denial of a request means that the registered apprenticeship program denied the request in its entirety. A registered apprenticeship program’s response that it could partially fulfill the request in the occupation(s) for which it trains apprentices would not constitute a denial of the request with respect to the parts of the request that could be fulfilled.

Under the proposed regulations, the Good Faith Effort Exception would be specific to the request for apprentices made by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, including the number of apprentice hours for which the request for apprentices has been made to a registered apprenticeship program. Thus, the Good Faith Effort Exception would apply to the specific portion of the request for apprentices that was denied or not responded to and would be subject to the requirement to submit an additional request after 120 days. The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on this proposed approach.

Consistent with section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii)(I), the proposed regulations would require that the request cannot have been denied because of a refusal of the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor to comply with the requirements and standards of the apprenticeship program. For example, if a registered apprenticeship program requires a requesting employer to enter into an agreement with the registered apprenticeship program, then a denial of the request because the employer refused to enter into the agreement would not be a valid denial for purposes of the Good Faith Effort Exception. Section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii) provides that taxpayers may also be deemed to satisfy the Good Faith Effort Exception if a registered apprenticeship program fails to respond to a request for a qualified apprentice. The proposed regulations explain that an acknowledgement of receipt by a registered apprenticeship program would constitute a response for purposes of section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii)(II), and a taxpayer would be unable to rely upon the Good Faith Effort Exception in such circumstances.

The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that apprenticeship programs are not uniform across industries and localities, including the manner and processes by which apprentices may be requested and supplied for purposes of satisfying the Apprenticeship Requirements. The Treasury Department and the IRS also understand that in many cases employers are sponsors of registered apprenticeship programs and directly employ apprentices. In those instances, a taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor would likely obtain apprentices to meet the labor hours and participation requirements through their own registered apprenticeship programs rather than requesting apprentices from other registered apprenticeship programs.

In addition, the Treasury Department and the IRS are aware that the DOL’s Office of Apprenticeship, as well as State apprenticeship agencies, routinely provide technical expertise on registered apprenticeship program matters, including identifying registered apprenticeship programs, and assisting employers seeking to register their own programs.¹⁰ The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on whether and how the proposed Good Faith Effort Exception might take into account a situation where a taxpayer contacts the DOL’s Office of Apprenticeship or the appropriate State apprenticeship agency regarding their apprenticeship request, in addition to contacting a specific registered apprenticeship program or programs. The Treasury Department and the IRS also request comments on how the proposed Good Faith Effort Exception will align with current practices with respect to utilization of apprentices in the construction, alteration, or repair of facilities. In particular, the Treasury Department and the IRS request comments on the role of collective bargaining agreements, project labor agreements, and other agreements to satisfy the request for apprentices under the Good Faith Effort Exception.

3. Opportunity to Cure

If a taxpayer does not qualify for the Good Faith Effort Exception under section 45(b)(8)(D)(ii), section 45(b)(8)(D)(i)(II) provides that the taxpayer is not treated as failing to satisfy the requirements of section 45(b)(8)(A) and (C) if the taxpayer pays a penalty to the Secretary. The proposed regulations explain that, with respect to failures to satisfy the Labor Hours Requirement or the Participation Requirement, the amount of the penalty would be equal to $50 multiplied by the total labor hours for which the taxpayer failed to meet the Labor Hours Requirement and the Participation Requirement. The proposed regulations would provide that the total labor hours by which the taxpayer failed to meet the Labor Hours Requirement would be calculated by subtracting the total labor hours worked by all qualified apprentices consistent with the Ratio Requirement from the total labor hours that should have been worked by qualified apprentices under section 45(b)(8)(A)(ii) to satisfy the applicable percentage.

Section 45(b)(8)(C) does not specify the number of hours that apprentices must work to satisfy the Participation Requirement. The proposed regulations would address this issue by providing that the number of labor hours that an apprentice was required to work for purposes of calculating the penalty for failing to satisfy the Participation Requirement would be equal to the total number of labor hours performed for the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor during construction, alteration, or repair of the facility divided by the total number of individuals employed by that taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who performed construction, alteration, or repair work on the facility. This calculation would be specific to the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor who failed to meet the Participation Requirement. For example, if the taxpayer failed to meet the Participation Requirement, then the penalty would be calculated with reference to the total number of labor hours performed only by those individuals who worked directly for the taxpayer, and would not include the labor hours worked by any individuals who worked directly for a contractor or subcontractor that satisfied the Participation Requirement.

If the taxpayer failed to meet both the Labor Hours Requirement and the Participation Requirement, then the penalty would equal the sum of the penalty for the failure to meet the Labor Hours Requirement plus the penalty for failure to meet the Participation Requirement.

If the failure to meet the Labor Hours Requirement or the Participation Requirement is determined to be the result of intentional disregard, then the amount of the penalty payment is enhanced tenfold – from $50 to $500 per labor hour. The proposed regulations would provide that failures to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements would be due to intentional disregard if they are knowing or willful, considering all relevant facts and circumstances. The proposed regulations would provide a non-exhaustive list of facts and circumstances that may be relevant to determining whether the failure was knowing or willful.

The proposed regulations would also provide the penalty payment requirement for failures to meet the Labor Hours Requirement or the Participation Requirement would not apply if there is in place a project labor agreement that meets certain requirements.

The proposed regulations also state that there would be a rebuttable presumption against a finding of intentional disregard if the taxpayer makes the penalty payments before receiving a notice of an examination with respect to the claim for the increased credit. The presumption of no intentional disregard is intended to incentivize taxpayers who initially fail to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements to make use of the cure provision promptly.

Consistent with the correction and penalty payments under the Prevailing Wage Requirements, the hiring of qualified apprentices is a factor in the taxpayer’s eligibility for the increased credit and therefore applicable to determining the credit. Additionally, although the Apprenticeship Requirements must be satisfied contemporaneously with the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility and before the filing of the taxpayer’s tax return, the obligation to meet the Apprenticeship Requirements is not binding on the eligible taxpayer until the earlier of: (i) the filing of the eligible taxpayer’s return for the taxable year for which the specified credit portion is determined with respect to the eligible taxpayer, or (ii) the filing of the return of the transferee taxpayer for the year in which the specified credit portion is taken into account. As a result, the proposed regulations would provide that a penalty payment that is required to retain the increased credit because of the failure of the eligible taxpayer to satisfy the Apprenticeship Requirements would remain the responsibility of the eligible taxpayer following a transfer of a specified credit portion pursuant to section 6418.

A. Section 30C

Section 30C provides a credit for the cost of any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property placed in service during the taxable year. For properties placed in service before January 1, 2023, the credit is equal to 30 percent. For properties placed in service after December 31, 2022, the credit is equal to 30 percent (6 percent for property of a character subject to depreciation). If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements or the BOC Exception, then the credit determined under section 30C(a) for any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property of a character subject to an allowance for depreciation that is part of such project is multiplied by five.

To satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 30C(g)(2)(A), a taxpayer must ensure that any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction of any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property that is part of such project are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which the project is located. Section 30C(g)(2)(B) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7)(B) apply for purposes of the correction and penalty related to the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 30C(g)(3) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

The proposed regulations would provide that if a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, then the credit determined under section 30C(a) for any qualified alternative fuel vehicle refueling property of a character subject to an allowance for depreciation that is part of such project would be multiplied by five.

B. Section 45L

Section 45L provides a credit for a qualified new energy efficient home (qualified home) that is constructed by an eligible contractor and acquired by a person from that eligible contractor for use as a residence during the taxable year. Under section 45L(b)(2), a qualified home is a dwelling unit located in the United States, the construction of which is substantially completed after August 8, 2005, and that meets the energy saving requirements of section 45L(c). Under section 45L(b)(1), an eligible contractor is the person who constructed the qualified home, or in the case of a qualified home that is a manufactured home, the manufactured home producer of that home. For a qualified home acquired after December 31, 2022, and before January 1, 2033, that is part of a building eligible to participate in the Energy Star Multifamily New Construction Program and meets the energy saving requirements under section 45L(c)(1)(A), the credit is $500 ($2,500 if the taxpayer satisfies the Prevailing Wage Requirements). For a qualified home acquired after December 31, 2022, and before January 1, 2033, that is part of a building eligible to participate in the Energy Star Multifamily New Construction Program and meets the energy saving requirements under section 45L(c)(1)(B), the credit is $1,000 ($5,000 if the taxpayer satisfies the Prevailing Wage Requirements).

To satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45L(g)(2)(A), a taxpayer must ensure that any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the construction of any qualified home described in section 45L(a)(2)(B) are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which the qualified home is located. Section 45L(g)(2)(B) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7)(B) apply for purposes of the correction and penalty related to the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. There are no Apprenticeship Requirements with respect to section 45L.

The proposed regulations would provide that if a taxpayer satisfies the Prevailing Wage Requirements, then for a qualified home that is part of a building eligible to participate in the Energy Star Multifamily New Construction Program acquired after December 31, 2022, and before January 1, 2033, the credit would be $2,500 if the qualified home meets the energy saving requirements under section 45L(c)(1)(A), and the credit would be $5,000 if the qualified home meets the energy saving requirements under section 45L(c)(1)(B).

C. Section 45Q

Section 45Q provides a credit for the capture and sequestration of qualified carbon oxide. The credit is the sum of the specified dollar amount, as provided by section 45Q(a) or (b), multiplied by the metric ton of each qualified carbon oxide specified under section 45Q(a). If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements or the BOC Exception with respect to any qualified facility or any carbon capture equipment placed in service at that facility, then the credit determined under section 45Q(a) is multiplied by five. For carbon capture equipment that will be placed in service at a qualified facility, the construction of which begins on or after January 29, 2023, the section 45Q(a) credit is multiplied by five only if the PWA requirements are satisfied with respect to both the qualified facility and the carbon capture equipment. For carbon capture equipment, the construction of which begins on or after January 29, 2023, that will be placed in service at a qualified facility, the construction of which began before January 29, 2023, the PWA requirements apply only to the carbon capture equipment.

To satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45Q(h)(3)(A), the attributable taxpayer described in section 45Q(f)(3)(A) and §1.45Q-1(h)(1) must ensure that any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in: (i) the construction of any qualified facility and any carbon capture equipment placed in service at that facility, and (ii) the alteration or repair of that facility or equipment (with respect to any taxable year, for any portion of such taxable year that is within the 12-year period beginning on the date the facility or equipment is originally placed in service), are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which that facility and equipment are located. Section 45Q(h)(3)(B) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7)(B) apply for purposes of the correction and penalty related to the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 45Q(h)(4) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

The proposed regulations would provide rules based on the statutory rules.

D. Section 45U

Section 45U provides a credit for electricity produced by the taxpayer at a qualified nuclear power facility and sold by the taxpayer to an unrelated person during the taxable year. Generally, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023, the credit is equal to the amount by which the product of 0.3 cents multiplied by the kilowatt hours of electricity produced by the taxpayer at a qualified nuclear power facility and sold by the taxpayer to an unrelated person during the taxable year, exceeds the applicable “reduction amount” for such taxable year that is determined under section 45U(b)(2). If a taxpayer satisfies the Prevailing Wage Requirements, then the credit determined under section 45U(a) for a qualified nuclear power facility is multiplied by five.

To satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45U(d)(2)(A), a taxpayer must ensure that any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the alteration or repair of any qualified nuclear power facility are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for alteration or repair of a similar character in the locality in which that facility is located. Section 45U(d)(2)(B) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7)(B) apply for purposes of the correction and penalty related to the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. There are no Apprenticeship Requirements with respect to section 45U.

The proposed regulations would provide that if a taxpayer satisfies the Prevailing Wage Requirements, then the credit determined under section 45U(a) for any qualified nuclear power facility would be multiplied by five.

E. Section 45V

Section 45V provides a credit for the production of qualified clean hydrogen by the taxpayer during the taxable year at a qualified clean hydrogen production facility during the 10-year period beginning on the date the facility was originally placed in service. In general, for hydrogen produced after December 31, 2022, the credit is the product of the kilograms of qualified clean hydrogen produced multiplied by the applicable amount. The applicable amount is equal to the applicable percentage of $0.60, which is determined under section 45V(b)(2). If a taxpayer satisfies either the PWA requirements, or the BOC Exception and the Prevailing Wage Requirements for alterations or repairs occurring after January 29, 2023, then the credit amount determined under section 45V(a) for any qualified clean hydrogen produced by the taxpayer during the taxable year at a qualified clean hydrogen production facility is multiplied by five. A taxpayer must satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements with respect to an alteration or repair that occurs after January 29, 2023, notwithstanding the BOC Exception regarding the construction of that qualified facility.

To satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 45V(e)(3)(A), a taxpayer must ensure that any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in: (i) the construction of any qualified clean hydrogen production facility, and (ii) the alteration or repair of that facility (with respect to any taxable year, for any portion of such taxable year that is within the 10-year credit period beginning on the date that the facility was originally placed in service),¹¹ are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which that facility is located. Section 45V(e)(3)(B) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7)(B) apply for purposes of the correction and penalty related to the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 45V(e)(4) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

The proposed regulations would provide that if a taxpayer satisfies either the PWA requirements, or the BOC Exception and the Prevailing Wage Requirements for alterations or repairs occurring after January 29, 2023, then the credit amount determined under section 45V(a) for any qualified clean hydrogen produced by the taxpayer during the taxable year at a qualified clean hydrogen production facility would be multiplied by five.

F. Section 45Y

Section 45Y provides a credit for clean electricity produced by the taxpayer at a qualified facility and sold to an unrelated person, or in the case of a qualified facility which is equipped with a metering device which is owned and operated by an unrelated person, sold, consumed, or stored by the taxpayer during the taxable year, for facilities placed in service after December 31, 2024. Generally, the credit for any taxable year is the product of the kilowatt hours of electricity multiplied by 0.3 cents. If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, the One Megawatt Exception, or the BOC Exception, then the applicable amount under section 45Y(a)(2) equals 1.5 cents.

Section 45Y(g)(9) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7) apply for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 45Y(g)(10) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

The proposed regulations would provide that if a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, then the applicable amount under section 45Y(a)(2) would equal 1.5 cents.

G. Section 45Z

Section 45Z provides a credit for clean transportation fuel produced by the taxpayer at a qualified facility after December 31, 2024, and sold to an unrelated person in a manner described in section 45Z(a)(4). Generally, the credit is the product of the applicable amount (determined under section 45Z(a)(2)) per gallon(s) of transportation fuel multiplied by the emission factor for the fuel (determined under section 45Z(b)). If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements (modified for qualified facilities placed in service before January 1, 2025), then the applicable amount determined under section 45Z(a)(2)(B) is $1.00, otherwise the applicable amount is 20 cents.

In general, section 45Z(f)(6)(A) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7) apply for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements. However, section 45Z(f)(6)(B) provides a special rule for qualified facilities placed in service before January 1, 2025. Under section 45Z(f)(6)(B), the Prevailing Wage Requirements do not apply with respect to construction of that facility but do apply to the alteration or repair of that facility with respect to any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2024, for which the section 45Z credit is allowed with respect to that facility. Section 45Z(f)(7) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

The proposed regulations would provide that if a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, then the applicable amount determined under section 45Z(a)(2)(B) would equal $1.00.

H. Section 48

Section 48 provides a credit for an energy property placed in service during a taxable year. For properties placed in service after December 31, 2022, the credit is generally six percent of the basis of property described in section 48(a)(2)(A)(i) and two percent of the basis of property described in section 48(a)(2)(A)(ii). If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, the One Megawatt Exception, or the BOC Exception, then the credit determined under section 48(a) for the basis of each energy property placed in service during the taxable year is multiplied by five.

To satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 48(a)(10)(A), a taxpayer must ensure that any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in: (i) the construction of any energy project, and (ii) the alteration or repair of that energy project (for the five-year period beginning on the date such project is originally placed in service), are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which that energy project is located. Section 48(a)(10)(B) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7)(B) apply for purposes of the correction and penalty related to the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 48(a)(10)(C) provides a special recapture rule with respect to alterations or repairs that occur during the five-year period after the energy project is placed in service if that taxpayer does not satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. In general, the section 48(a)(10)(C) recapture is determined under similar rules to those provided for in section 50. Subject to the section 48(a)(10)(C) recapture, the taxpayer is deemed at the time the qualified energy project is placed in service to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements for alterations or repairs for the five-year period beginning after such project is originally placed in service. Section 48(a)(11) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

The proposed regulations would provide that if a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, then the credit determined under section 48 for any qualified energy project would be multiplied by five.

I. Section 48C

Section 48C provides a credit for a qualified investment in a qualifying advanced energy project for that taxable year (Section 48C Credit). The IRA added section 48C(e) to the Code, extending the Section 48C Credit to provide an additional Section 48C Credit allocation of $10 billion. Generally, the credit amount for Section 48C Credits allocated pursuant to section 48C(e) is equal to six percent of the basis of the eligible property. If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, then the credit amount determined under section 48C(a) is 30 percent.

To satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 48C(e)(5)(A), a taxpayer must ensure that with respect to a qualifying advanced energy project, any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the re-equipping, expansion, or establishment of a manufacturing facility are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which the project is located. Section 48C(e)(5)(B) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7)(B) apply for purposes of the correction and penalty related to the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 48C(e)(6) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

The Treasury Department and the IRS issued Notice 2023-18, 2023-10 I.R.B. 508, and Notice 2023-44, 2023-25 I.R.B. 924, to provide guidance under section 48C(e). These notices provide a process for the IRS to allocate Section 48C Credits. To prevent an overallocation of Section 48C Credits, section 5.07 of Notice 2023-18 requires a taxpayer that applies for a Section 48C Credit allocation at the 30 percent credit amount to confirm that the taxpayer intends to satisfy the PWA requirements. Section 5.07 of Notice 2023-18 additionally requires that when the taxpayer provides notification that it placed the project in service, the taxpayer must also confirm that it satisfied the PWA requirements.

The proposed regulations would provide that if a taxpayer satisfies both the PWA requirements and the PWA confirmation requirements provided in Notice 2023-18 (or any subsequent guidance), then the credit amount for Section 48C Credits allocated pursuant to section 48C(e) would be equal to 30 percent.

J. Section 48E

Section 48E provides a clean electricity investment credit for the investment in qualified facilities and energy storage technology placed in service for the taxable year after December 31, 2024. The credit is generally six percent of the qualified investment. If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, the One Megawatt Exception, or the BOC Exception, then the credit amount determined under section 48E(a) for a qualified investment is 30 percent.

Section 48E(d)(3) provides that rules similar to section 48(a)(10) apply for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 48E(d)(4) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

The proposed regulations would provide that if a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, then the credit amount determined under section 48E(a) for a qualified investment would be equal to 30 percent.

K. Section 179D

Section 179D(a) provides a deduction for the cost of energy efficient commercial building property placed in service during the taxable year. Section 179D(f) provides an alternative deduction for energy efficient building retrofit property (alternative deduction). For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022, section 179D(b) provides that the deduction cannot exceed the excess (if any) of the product of the applicable dollar value, and the square footage of the building, over the aggregate amount of deductions under section 179D(a) and section 179D(f) with respect to the building for the three taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year (or for any taxable year ending during the four-taxable-year period ending with such taxable year, if the deduction is allowed to a person other than the taxpayer). The alternative deduction is an amount equal to the lesser of the “excess” described in section 179D(b) (determined by substituting “energy use intensity” for “total annual energy and power costs”) or the aggregate adjusted basis (determined after taking into account all adjustments with respect to the taxable year other than the reduction under section 179D(e)) of energy efficient building retrofit property placed in service by the taxpayer pursuant to a qualified retrofit plan. The applicable dollar value is $0.50 increased by $0.02 (but not above $1.00) for each percentage point by which the total annual energy and power costs (or energy use intensity, in the case of the alternative deduction) for the building are certified to be reduced by a percentage greater than 25 percent. If a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements or the beginning of installation exception, then the applicable dollar value of the deduction determined under section 179D(b)(2) is $2.50 increased by $0.10 (but not above $5.00).

To satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements under section 179D(b)(4)(A), a taxpayer must ensure that any laborers and mechanics employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor in the installation of any property are paid wages at rates not less than the prevailing rates for construction, alteration, or repair of a similar character in the locality in which the property is located. Section 179D(b)(4)(B) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(7)(B) apply for purposes of the correction and penalty related to the failure to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements. Section 179D(b)(5) provides that rules similar to section 45(b)(8) apply for purposes of the Apprenticeship Requirements.

The proposed regulations would provide that if a taxpayer satisfies the PWA requirements, then the applicable dollar value of the deduction determined under section 179D(b)(2) would be $2.50 increased by $0.10 (but not above $5.00).

A. In general

Section 45(b)(12) authorizes the Secretary to issue such regulations or other guidance as the Secretary determines necessary to carry out the purposes of section 45(b), including regulations or other guidance that provide requirements for recordkeeping or information reporting for purposes of administering the requirements of section 45(b).

Section 6001 provides that every person liable for any tax imposed by the Code, or for the collection thereof, must keep such records as the Secretary may from time to time prescribe. Section 1.6001-1(a) provides that any person subject to income tax must keep such permanent books of account or records, including inventories, as are sufficient to establish the amount of gross income, deductions, credits, or other matters required to be shown by such person in any return of such tax. Section 1.6001-1(e) provides that the books and records required by §1.6001-1 must be retained so long as the contents thereof may become material in the administration of any Internal Revenue law.

B. Recordkeeping with respect to Prevailing Wage Requirements

The Copeland Act requires contractors and subcontractors subject to the DBA to submit certified weekly payroll records reflective of work performed on a covered contract to the contracting agency. This requirement to comply with the DBA is statutory and inherent in the award of a contract and the submission of weekly payroll records becomes part of the terms of the awarded contract. In contrast, under section 45(b)(7)(A), although the requirement to pay prevailing wages is triggered by the beginning of construction and continues over the entire course of a project, the requirement to pay prevailing wages becomes binding only when a tax return claiming the increased credit is filed. Thus, because the increased credit is not claimed until the time of filing a return, which will only occur after a qualified facility is placed in service, the proposed regulations would not adopt the Copeland Act requirement to report payroll records to the IRS on a weekly basis in advance of claiming an increased credit. The Treasury Department and the IRS understand that adoption of the Copeland Act reporting regime for purposes of section 45(b)(7)(A) would not assist the IRS with administering the provision.

Instead, the proposed regulations would provide that taxpayers would be required to establish compliance with the Prevailing Wage Requirements at the time a return claiming the increased credit is filed. The proposed regulations would provide that a taxpayer would be required to do so on such forms and in such manner as the Commissioner provides in IRS forms, publications, or other guidance. The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that taxpayers will be required to report at the time of filing a return the following information: (i) the location and type of qualified facility; (ii) the applicable wage determinations for the type and location of the facility; (iii) the wages paid (including any correction payments) and hours worked for each of the laborer or mechanic classifications engaged in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility; (iv) the number of workers who received correction payments; (v) the wages paid and hours worked by qualified apprentices for each of the laborer or mechanic classifications engaged in the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility; (vi) the total labor hours for the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility by any laborer or mechanic employed by the taxpayer or any contractor or subcontractor; and (vii) the total credit claimed.

The DBA has comprehensive recordkeeping requirements that assist the DOL in its oversight of Prevailing Wage Requirements. The DBA recordkeeping regime is consistent with what the IRS would ordinarily expect taxpayers to preserve to be able to substantiate that the Prevailing Wage Requirements have been satisfied. The proposed regulations would impose recordkeeping requirements that are generally consistent with the recordkeeping requirements under the DBA regime for purposes of the Prevailing Wage Requirements.

The proposed regulations would require taxpayers to maintain and preserve sufficient records to establish compliance with the requirement that all laborers and mechanics were paid wages at rates not less than the applicable prevailing rates. Records sufficient to establish compliance would include payroll records that reflect the hours worked in each classification and the wages paid to each laborer and mechanic performing construction, alteration, or repair work on the facility (including any correction payments made to each laborer and mechanic). The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that most taxpayers will use contractors and subcontractors in the construction, alteration, or repair of facilities and that construction may occur for several years before a facility is placed in service. The proposed regulations would provide that it would be the responsibility of the taxpayer to maintain payroll records that reflect the wages paid to labors and mechanics engaged in the construction, alteration, or repair of the qualified facility, regardless of whether the laborers and mechanics are employed by the taxpayer, a contractor, or a subcontractor. The proposed regulations would also impose recordkeeping requirements related to correction and penalty payments.

The proposed regulations include a non-exhaustive list of facts and circumstances that would be relevant to the IRS in determining whether a failure to meet the Prevailing Wage Requirements was due to intentional disregard. To demonstrate that a failure was not due to intentional disregard, taxpayers would need to maintain and preserve records sufficient to document the failure and the actions they took to prevent, mitigate, or remedy the failure (for example, records demonstrating that the taxpayer regularly reviewed payroll practices, included requirements to pay prevailing wages in contracts with contractors, and posted prevailing wage rates in a prominent place on the job site).

The proposed regulations would also waive penalties for certain limited failures. To the extent taxpayers intend to rely on these penalty waiver provisions, they would need to maintain records sufficient to demonstrate when a failure occurred and proof that the taxpayer made the required correction payment.

C. Recordkeeping with respect to Apprenticeship Requirements

The proposed regulations would require taxpayers subject to the Apprenticeship Requirements to maintain sufficient records to establish compliance with the Labor Hours Requirement, Ratio Requirement, and Participation Requirement. Records sufficient to establish compliance with the Apprenticeship Requirements include copies of any written requests for apprentices by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, any agreement entered by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor with a registered apprenticeship program, documents reflecting any registered apprenticeship program sponsored by the taxpayer, contractor, or subcontractor, documents verifying participation in a registered apprenticeship program by each apprentice, records reflecting the required ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers prescribed by each registered apprenticeship program from which qualified apprentices are employed, records reflecting the daily ratio of apprentices to journeyworkers, and the payroll records for any work performed by apprentices. The proposed regulations provide that it would be the responsibility of the taxpayer to maintain the relevant records for each apprentice engaged in the construction, alteration, or repair on the qualified facility, regardless of whether the apprentice is employed by the taxpayer, a contractor, or a subcontractor.

D. Recordkeeping for credits transferred under section 6418

Because an eligible taxpayer determines any increased credit amount applicable to the prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements, the general recordkeeping requirements under these proposed regulations would remain with an eligible taxpayer who transfers a specified credit portion that includes an increased credit amount. The increased credit amount that is determined by an eligible taxpayer would be reported on the applicable forms on the return of the eligible taxpayer. The minimum required documentation to be provided to the transferee taxpayer is a separate requirement under the 6418 Proposed Regulations that does not impact the requirements in these proposed regulations.

The provisions of sections 3 and 4 of Notice 2022-61 would be obsoleted for facilities, property, projects, or equipment the construction, or installation of which begins after the date the Treasury Decision adopting these regulations as final regulations is published in the Federal Register. The proposed regulations would not otherwise affect Notice 2022-61.

These regulations are proposed to apply to facilities, property, projects, or equipment placed in service in taxable years ending after the date these regulations are published as final in the Federal Register and the construction or installation of which begins after the date these regulations are published as final regulations in the Federal Register. However, taxpayers may rely on these proposed regulations with respect to construction or installation of a facility, property, project, or equipment beginning on or after January 29, 2023, and on or before the date these regulations are published as final regulations in the Federal Register, provided, that beginning after the date that is 60 days after August 29, 2023, taxpayers follow the proposed regulations in their entirety and in a consistent manner.

The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520) (PRA) generally requires that a federal agency obtain the approval of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) before collecting information from the public, whether such collection of information is mandatory, voluntary, or required to obtain or retain a benefit.

The collections of information in these proposed regulations would include reporting, recordkeeping, and third-party disclosure requirements. These collections are required for purposes of claiming an increased credit or deduction amount; and are necessary for the IRS to validate that taxpayers have met the regulatory requirements and are entitled to claim the increased credit amounts. The likely respondents are individual, business, trust and estate filers, and tax-exempt organizations.

The proposed regulations would set forth procedures for requesting supplemental wage determinations and wage rates for additional classifications from the DOL. This collection is approved by OMB under the DOL’s Control Number 1235-0034. This IRS proposed regulation does not alter any of the DOL collections approved under this control number.

The proposed regulations would include requirements to keep records sufficient to demonstrate that PWA requirements have been met as detailed in §1.45-12. For purposes of the PRA, the recordkeeping requirements of §1.45-12 are considered general tax records. These general tax records are approved annually under 1545-0074 for individuals/sole proprietors, 1545-0123 for business entities, and 1545-0047 for tax-exempt organizations. IRS will seek OMB approval under a new OMB Control Number (1545-NEW) for the burden for trust and estate filers.

The proposed regulations would include reporting requirements that taxpayers provide a statement with the tax return that claims an increased credit or deduction amount that includes aggregate information as detailed in §1.45-12. The Secretary may issue forms and instructions in future guidance for the purpose of meeting these reporting requirements. These reporting requirements will be covered under 1545-0074 for individuals/sole proprietors, 1545-0123 for business entities. IRS will solicit public comments on this requirement and the associated burden for trusts and estates filers as reflected below; and will seek OMB approval under a new OMB Control Number (1545-NEW) for trust and estate filers.

The proposed regulations would include third-party disclosures that include notifying laborers and mechanics of the applicable prevailing wage rates as detailed in §1.45-7. The proposed regulations would also include third-party disclosures for taxpayers requesting the dispatch of apprentices from a registered apprenticeship program as detailed in §1.45-8. IRS will solicit public comment on this requirement and associated burden for all filers reflected below; and will seek OMB approval under a new OMB Control Number (1545-NEW) for all filers for the disclosure requirement.

The collections of information contained in this notice of proposed rulemaking has been submitted to the Office of Management and Budget for review in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act. Commenters are strongly encouraged to submit public comments electronically. Written comments and recommendations for the proposed information collection should be sent to https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAMain, with copies to the Internal Revenue Service. Find this particular information collection by selecting “Currently under Review - Open for Public Comments” then by using the search function. Submit electronic submissions for the proposed information collection to the IRS via email at pra.comments@irs.gov (indicate REG-100908-23 on the Subject line). Comments on the collection of information should be received by October 30, 2023. Comments are specifically requested concerning:

Whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the IRS, including whether the information will have practical utility. The accuracy of the estimated burden associated with the proposed collection of information. How the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected may be enhanced. How the burden of complying with the proposed collection of information may be minimized, including through the application of automated collection techniques or other forms of information technology; and estimates of capital or start-up costs and costs of operation, maintenance, and purchase of services to provide information.

The IRS estimates that 70 trust and estates may claim the increased credit and that it could take approximately 40 hours to compile the data needed for the statement attached to their return.

Estimated total annual reporting and recordkeeping burden for trusts and estates filers: 2,800 hours.

Estimated average annual burden per respondent: 40 hours.

Estimated number of respondents: 70.

Estimated frequency of responses: Annual.

The IRS estimates that 70,000 filers may claim the increased credit and that it could take approximately two hours to display the prevailing wage rates and to request the dispatch of apprentices.

Estimated total annual third-party disclosure burden for all other filers: 140,000 hours.

Estimated average annual burden per respondent: Two hours.

Estimated number of respondents: 70,000.

Estimated frequency of responses: Once.

An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a valid control number assigned by the Office of Management and Budget.

The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) (RFA) imposes certain requirements with respect to Federal rules that are subject to the notice and comment requirements of section 553(b) of the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. 551 et seq.) and that are likely to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. Unless an agency determines that a proposal is not likely to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, section 603 of the RFA requires the agency to present an initial regulatory flexibility analysis (IRFA) of the proposed rule. The Treasury Department and the IRS have not determined whether the proposed rule, when finalized, will likely have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This determination requires further study. However, because there is a possibility of significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, an IRFA is provided in these proposed regulations. The Treasury Department and the IRS invite comments on both the number of entities affected and the economic impact on small entities. Pursuant to section 7805(f), this notice of proposed rulemaking has been submitted to the Chief Counsel of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on its impact on small business.

A. Need for and objectives of the rule

The proposed regulations would provide guidance to taxpayers intending to satisfy the PWA requirements to qualify for an increased credit or deduction under sections 30C, 45, 45Q, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48, 48C, 48E, and 179D and for those taxpayers intending to satisfy the Prevailing Wage Requirements to qualify for the increased credit under sections 45L and 45U. The proposed regulations would provide needed guidance for taxpayers on the use of wage determinations issued by the DOL, on the time and manner for reporting compliance with the PWA requirements, as well as needed definitions. The proposed regulations would also provide guidance concerning correction and penalty payments that can be made by taxpayers who initially fail to satisfy the PWA requirements in order to qualify for the increased credit and deduction amounts.

The Treasury Department and the IRS intend and expect that the increased credit amount of five times the base credit for taxpayers that ensure the payment of paying prevailing wages and hiring apprentices in the construction, alteration, or repair of qualified facilities provides financial incentives that will beneficially impact various industries involved in the production of and investment in clean energy. These proposed regulations would provide clarifying guidance that will assist taxpayers seeking to comply with the statutory prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements in order to take advantage of the financial incentives. The Treasury Department and IRS expect that the increased credit amounts available to taxpayers as financial incentives will exceed the costs of the additional recordkeeping and reporting obligations that would be imposed on taxpayers by these proposed regulations.

The Treasury Department and the IRS also expect the financial incentives for taxpayers to ensure payment of prevailing wage rates and using apprentices will deliver benefits across the economy by creating increased opportunities for contractors and subcontractors as well as laborers and mechanics to become involved in clean energy production. Allowing these increased credits and an increased deduction for taxpayers who satisfy prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements will incentivize expansion of clean energy resources and will reduce economy wide greenhouse gas emissions.

B. Affected small entities

The RFA directs agencies to provide a description of, and where feasible, an estimate of, the number of small entities that may be affected by the proposed rules, if adopted. The Small Business Administration’s Office of Advocacy estimates in its 2023 Frequently Asked Questions that 99.9 percent of American businesses meet its definition of a small business. The applicability of these proposed regulations does not depend on the size of the business, as defined by the Small Business Administration. As described more fully in the preamble to this proposed regulation and in this IRFA, section 45 and these proposed regulations may affect a variety of different entities across several different green energy industries as there are 12 different credits with increased credit amount provisions. Although there is uncertainty as to the exact number of small businesses within this group, the current estimated number of respondents to these proposed rules is 70,000 taxpayers as described in the Paperwork Reduction Act section of the preamble. The Treasury Department and the IRS expect to receive more information on the impact on small businesses through comments on this proposed rule.

C. Impact of the rules

The proposed regulations provide rules for how taxpayers can satisfy the PWA requirements in order to seek the increased credits under section 45 as well as the increased credit or deduction available under sections 30C, 45L, 45Q, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48, 48C, 48E, and 179D. Taxpayers that seek to claim the increased credit or deduction will have administrative costs related to reading and understanding these proposed rules, as well as increased costs for the recordkeeping and reporting requirements necessary to establish compliance with the PWA requirements. The costs will vary across different-sized taxpayers and across the type of facilities and projects in which such taxpayers are engaged.

The Prevailing Wage Requirements would require the taxpayer to obtain the published wage determination issued by the DOL for the county in which the facility is located. To the extent a wage determination does not include a required classification, or if no wage determination has been published, the taxpayer would be required to contact the DOL to obtain a supplemental wage determination or a wage rate for an additional classification. The taxpayer would be required to ensure that any contractor or subcontractor that works on the construction, alteration, or repair of a facility has paid hourly wages in accordance with the wage determination for each classification required to complete such work. In order to be eligible for certain proposed cure provisions, the taxpayer would be required to know or be able to determine whether the laborers and mechanics employed for construction, alteration, or repair of the facility were paid in accordance with the applicable wage determination. Additionally, the taxpayer would be required to retain records sufficient to establish compliance with these proposed regulations for as long as may be relevant. The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that some of the recordkeeping that would be required under these proposed rules will be consistent with recordkeeping requirements already imposed under the DBA and the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. 201 et seq.

For the Apprenticeship Requirements, the taxpayer, contractor, and subcontractor, would be required to contact a registered apprenticeship program for purposes of requesting the dispatch of qualified apprentices to work on the construction, alteration, or repair of the facility. Whether or not the registered apprenticeship program dispatches apprentices, the taxpayer would be required to retain records to establish compliance with these proposed regulations for as long as may be relevant.

The taxpayer claiming the increased credit would be required to report the payment of prevailing wages and the utilization of apprentices consistent with the forms and instructions of the IRS. Although the Treasury Department and the IRS do not have sufficient data to determine precisely the likely extent of the increased costs of compliance, the estimated burden of complying with the recordkeeping and reporting requirements are described in the Paperwork Reduction Act section of the preamble.

D. Alternatives considered

The Treasury Department and the IRS considered alternatives to the proposed regulations. The proposed regulations were designed to minimize burdens for taxpayers while ensuring that laborers and mechanics are paid the applicable wage rates and that the IRS has sufficient information to administer the increased credits and deduction provisions. The proposed regulations would not adopt the DBA requirement of submitting weekly certified payroll records to the IRS. The Treasury Department and IRS determined that submission of weekly payroll records to the IRS by taxpayers would not assist the IRS with the efficient administration of the increased credit provisions. The Treasury Department and the IRS also considered a requirement that taxpayers submit payroll records for all laborers and mechanics at the time of filing a return that claims an increased credit. The Treasury Department and the IRS determined that per laborer and per mechanic payroll records would not provide the IRS with useful information and would also involve substantial burdens for taxpayers to report such information.

Comments are requested on the requirements in the proposed regulations, including specifically, whether there are less burdensome alternatives that ensure the IRS has sufficient information to administer the increased credit claimed under section 45 as well as the increased credit and deduction amounts that are claimed under sections 30C, 45L, 45Q, 45U, 45V, 45Y, 45Z, 48, 48C, 48E, and 179D.

E. Duplicative, overlapping, or conflicting Federal rules

For energy facilities built under contracts with the Federal Government, or with Federal financial or other assistance provided under a Davis-Bacon Related Act, the proposed regulations may overlap with the rules under the DBA, 29 CFR parts 1, 5, and 7. In all other instances, the proposed regulations would not duplicate, overlap, or conflict with any relevant Federal rules. The Treasury Department and the IRS invite input from interested members of the public about identifying and avoiding overlapping, duplicative, or conflicting requirements.

Pursuant to section 7805(f), this notice of proposed rulemaking has been submitted to the Chief Counsel for the Office of Advocacy of the Small Business Administration for comment on its impact on small business.

Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) requires that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits and take certain other actions before issuing a final rule that includes any Federal mandate that may result in expenditures in any one year by a State, local, or Tribal government, in the aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 million (updated annually for inflation). This proposed rule does not include any Federal mandate that may result in expenditures by State, local, or Tribal governments, or by the private sector in excess of that threshold.

Executive Order 13132 (Federalism) prohibits an agency from publishing any rule that has federalism implications if the rule either imposes substantial, direct compliance costs on State and local governments, and is not required by statute, or preempts State law, unless the agency meets the consultation and funding requirements of section 6 of the Executive order. This proposed rule does not have federalism implications and does not impose substantial direct compliance costs on State and local governments or preempt State law within the meaning of the Executive order.

Executive Order 13175 (Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments) prohibits an agency from publishing any rule that has Tribal implications if the rule either imposes substantial, direct compliance costs on Indian Tribal governments, and is not required by statute, or preempts Tribal law, unless the agency meets the consultation and funding requirements of section 5 of the Executive order.

The Treasury Department and the IRS will hold a consultation with Tribal leaders related to the prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements in these proposed regulations, which will inform the development of the final regulations.

Pursuant to the Memorandum of Agreement, Review of Treasury Regulations under Executive Order 12866 (June 9, 2023), tax regulatory actions issued by the IRS are not subject to the requirements of section 6 of Executive Order 12866, as amended. Therefore, a regulatory impact assessment is not required.