A disqualified person who engages or takes part in a transaction alone or with others, or directs any person to do so will be treated as participating in an act of self-dealing. Participation by a foundation manager includes silence or inaction on the manager's part where there is a duty to speak or act, as well as any affirmative action by the manager. However, a foundation manager will not have participated in an act of self-dealing when the manager has opposed the act in a manner consistent with carrying out the manager's responsibilities to the private foundation. Return to Life Cycle of a Private Foundation
